Fig. 1.
Fig. 2.
Rwanda QUAIDS model’s endogeneity and misspecification tests
| Null hypothesis | P-value | Conclusion^ |
|---|---|---|
| Exogenous expenditure | 0.8929 | Fail to reject |
| Joint conditional mean | 0.004 | Reject |
| Nonnormality | 0.429 | Fail to reject |
| Linearity | 0.095 | Fail to reject |
| No structural change | 0.008 | Reject |
| Dependence | 0.565 | Fail to reject |
Unconditional Marshallian Own-Price and Cross-Price Elasticities for animal-sourced products using 2022 Rwanda data
| Price | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| beef | egg | fish | |
| All | |||
| beef | –0.41 | –0.38 | –0.41 |
| egg | –0.31 | –0.07 | –0.37 |
| fish | 0.47 | –0.014 | –0.93 |
| Kigali | |||
| beef | –0.35 | –0.056 | –0.39 |
| egg | –3.03 | 2.64 | 0.037 |
| fish | 0.03 | 0.072 | –0.51 |
| Rural | |||
| beef | –0.41 | –0.37 | –0.38 |
| egg | 0.027 | –0.47 | 0.07 |
| fish | 0.53 | –0.008 | –0.96 |
Quadratic almost ideal demand system parameter estimates for beef, fish, and eggs using Rwanda data, 2022
| Type of expenditure | Price | Expenditure | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| beef | fish | egg | linear | quadratic | |
| Beef | 0.229* (7.93) | –0.130* (−4.90) | –0.099* (−2.43) | 0.049 (0.92) | 0.020* (6.21) |
| Fish | –0.130* (−4.90) | 0.153* (5.39) | –0.024 (−1.27) | –0.145* (−6.24) | –0.016* (−8.44) |
| Egg | –0.099* (−2.43) | –0.024 (−1.27) | 0.123* (2.67) | 0.096* (2.23) | –0.004* (−1.38) |
Mean Conditional Marshallian Own-Price and Cross-Price Elasticities for animal-sourced products using 2022 Rwanda data
| Price | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| beef | egg | fish | |
| All | |||
| beef | –0.19 (0.21) | –0.27 (1.18) | 0.56 (0.53) |
| egg | –0.02 (0.11) | 0.00 (1.09) | 0.13 (0.15) |
| fish | 0.19 (0.14) | –0.26 (0.25) | –0.69 (0.46) |
| Kigali | |||
| beef | –0.01 (0.06) | –3.02 (0.97) | 0.32 (0.06) |
| egg | –0.17 (0.06) | 2.64 (1.01) | 0.04 (0.02) |
| fish | –0.17 (0.12) | 0.38 (0.04) | –0.36 (0.09) |
| Rural | |||
| beef | –0.22 (0.21) | 0.09 (0.56) | 0.60 (0.56) |
| egg | –0.02 (0.11) | –0.34 (0.42) | 0.14 (0.16) |
| fish | 0.20 (0.14) | 0.25 (0.27) | –0.74 (0.47) |
Mean conditional and unconditional expenditure elasticities for animal-sourced products using 2022 Rwanda data
| Food group | Conditional | Unconditional | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| all | Kigali | rural | all | Kigali | rural | |
| Beef | 0.69 (0.18) | 0.86 (0.06) | 0.66 (0.17) | 0.53 | 0.67 | 0.51 |
| Egg | 1.13 (0.63) | –0.29 (0.09) | 1.31 (0.37) | 0.87 | –0.22 | 1.01 |
| Fish | 1.86 (0.67) | 1.41 (0.21) | 1.92 (0.69) | 1.43 | 1.09 | 1.49 |
Average Expenditure and Budget Share Allocated to Beef, Fish, and Eggs in Rwanda’s Five Provinces in 2022
| Province | Expenditures* | Budget share | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| beef | fish | egg | beef | fish | egg | |
| East | 4 434.28 | 1 021.49 | 722.91 | 0.651 | 0.236 | 0.111 |
| Kigali city | 5 423.52 | 1 536.11 | 436.84 | 0.772 | 0.213 | 0.014 |
| North | 5 775 | 914.34 | 323.52 | 0.416 | 0.416 | 0.166 |
| South | 4 339.53 | 682.97 | 482.04 | 0.729 | 0.162 | 0.107 |
| West | 4 334.28 | 1 459.42 | 608.94 | 0.589 | 0.222 | 0.188 |