Fig. 1.
Demographic profile of participants
| Variable | Categories | N | % |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age | 18–30 | 79 | 19.8 |
| 31–40 | 150 | 37.6 | |
| 41–50 | 113 | 28.3 | |
| 51–60 | 40 | 10.0 | |
| Above 60 | 17 | 4.3 | |
| Gender | Male | 223 | 55.9 |
| Female | 176 | 44.1 | |
| Education | Primary | 114 | 28.6 |
| Secondary | 185 | 46.4 | |
| Tertiary | 100 | 25.1 | |
| Farming experience | 0–5 | 107 | 26.8 |
| 6–10 | 171 | 42.9 | |
| Above 10 | 121 | 30.3 | |
| Type of land holding | Communal | 161 | 40.4 |
| A1 | 106 | 26.6 | |
| A2 | 70 | 17.5 | |
| Commercial | 62 | 15.5 | |
Construct validity
| Construct | N | AVE | Shared variance | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 2 | 3 | ||||
| Economic sustainability (1) | 3 | 0.7107 | 0.880 | 1 | ||
| Environmental sustainability (2) | 6 | 0.6632 | 0.919 | .394 | 1 | |
| Social sustainability (3) | 8 | 0.6638 | 0.940 | .232 | .159 | 1 |
Univariate tests
| Source | Dependent variable | Df | F | Sig. | Partial Eta squared | Observed power |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Supplier development level | Economic sustainability | 1 | 205.764 | .000 | .341 | 1.00 |
| Environmental sustainability | 1 | 495.144 | .000 | .555 | 1.00 | |
| Social sustainability | 1 | 270.974 | .000 | .406 | 1.00 | |
| Error | Economic sustainability | 397 | ||||
| Environmental sustainability | 397 | |||||
| Social sustainability | 397 | |||||
| Total | Economic sustainability | 399 | ||||
| Environmental sustainability | 399 | |||||
| Social sustainability | 399 | |||||
Descriptive statistics
| Construct | Level of supplier development | Mean | Std. Deviation | N |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Economic sustainability | Contract farmers | 5.9135 | .61384 | 208 |
| Independent farmers | 4.5375 | 1.22626 | 191 | |
| Total | 5.2548 | 1.17790 | 399 | |
| Environmental sustainability | Contract farmers | 6.0120 | .66585 | 208 |
| Independent farmers | 4.1545 | .98326 | 191 | |
| Total | 5.1228 | 1.24715 | 399 | |
| Social sustainability | Contract farmers | 5.5697 | .87846 | 208 |
| Independent farmers | 4.0301 | .98954 | 191 | |
| Total | 4.8327 | 1.20905 | 399 | |
Multivariate tests
| Effect | Fa | Hypothesis df | Error df | Sig. | Partial Eta Squared | Observed Powerb | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Supplier development | Pillai’s Trace | 183.030 | 3.000 | 395.00 | .000 | .582 | 1.00 |
| Wilks’ Lambda | 183.030 | 3.000 | 395.00 | .000 | .582 | 1.00 | |
| Hotelling’s Trace | 183.030 | 3.000 | 395.000 | .000 | .582 | 1.00 | |
| Roy’s Largest Root | 183.030 | 3.000 | 395.00 | .000 | .582 | 1.00 |