References
- Akerlof, K., Maibach, E.W., Fitzgerald, D., Cedeno, A.Y., Neuman, A. (2013). Do people „personally experience” global warming, and if so how, does it matter? Glob. Environ. Chan., 23, 81–91.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2012.07.006 - Ali, A., Erenstein, O. (2017). Assessing farmer use of climate change adaptation practices and impacts on food security and poverty in Pakistan. Clim. Risk. Man., 16, 183–194. 10.1016/j.crm.2016.12.001
- Amir, S., Saqib, Z., Khan, M.I., Khan, M.A., Bokhari, S.A,, Zaman-Ul-haq, M., Majid, A. (2020). Farmers’ perceptions and adaptation practices to climate change in rain-fed area: a case study from district Chakwal, Pakistan. Pak. J. of Agric. Sci., 57, 465–475. Retrieved from:
https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Farmers%27-perceptions-and-adaptation-practices-to-in-Amir-Saqib/dc72708103d2e41ec6ceb2cefd97dff886a3ba5f - Anley, Y., Bogale, A., Haile-Gabriel, A. (2007). Adoption decision and use intensity of soil and water conservation measures by smallholder subsistence farmers in Dedo district, Western Ethiopia. Land. Degrad. Develop., 18, 289–302.
https://doi.org/10.1002/ldr.775 - Asrat, P., Simane, B. (2018). Farmers’ perception of climate change and adaptation strategies in the Dabus watershed, North-West Ethiopia. Eco. Proc., 7, 1–13.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13717-018-0118-8 - Brody, S., Grover, H., Vedlitz, A. (2012). Examining the willingness of Americans to alter behaviour to mitigate climate. Clim. Pol., 12, 1–22.
https://doi.org/10.1080/14693062.2011.579261 - Bryan, T.B., Mutabazi, K.D., Kirschke, D., Franke, C., Sieber, S., Siebert, R., Tscherning, K. (2013). Adapting agriculture to climate change in Kenya: Household strategies and determinants. J. Environ. Man., 114, 26–35.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2012.10.036 - Chingala, G., Mapiye, C., Raffrenato, E., Hoffman, L., Dzama, K. (2017). Determinants of smallholder farmers’ perceptions of impact of climate change on beef production in Malawi. Clim. Ch., 142, 129–141.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-017-1924-1 - Cutler, D., Katz, L. (1992). Rising inequality? Changes in the distribution of income and consumption in the 1980s. NBER Working Paper no. 3964. National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge Massachusetts.
https://doi.org/10.3386/w3964 - Debela, N., Mohammed, C., Bridle, K., Corkrey, R., McNeil, D. (2015). Perception of climate change and its impact by smallholders in pastoral/agropastoral systems of Borana, South Ethiopia. SpringerPlus., 4, 1–12.
https://doi.org/10.1186/s40064-015-1012-9 - Deressa, T.T., Hassan, R.M., Ringler, C. (2010). Perception of and adaptation to climate change by farmers in the Nile basin of Ethiopia. J. Agric. Sci., 149, 23–31.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021859610000687 - Dolisca, F., Carter, R.D., McDaniel, J.M., Shannon, D.A., Jolly, C.M. (2006). Factors influencing farmers’ participation in forestry management programs: A case study from Haiti. Forest. Eco. Man., 236, 324–331.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2006.09.017 - Elia, E. (2017). Farmers’ awareness and understanding of climate change and variability in central semi-arid Tanzania. Uni. Dares Salaam. Lib. J., 12, 124–138. Retrieved from:
https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Farmers%E2%80%99-awareness-and-understanding-of-climate-and-Elia/b6f0ca1ec2407f5cb0b5ba2656e50f3c9293a989 - FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization). (2016). The State of Food and Agriculture: Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). Rome, Italy.
- Foguesatto, C.R., Machado, J.A.D. (2020). What shapes farmers’ perception of climate change? A case study of southern Brazil. Environ. Dev. Sustain., 23, 1525–1538.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-020-00634-z - Fosu-Mensah, B.Y., Vlek, P.L., MacCarthy, D.S. (2012). Farmers’ perception and adaptation to climate change: A case study of Sekyedumase district in Ghana. Environ. Dev. Sustain., 14, 495–505.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-012-9339-7 - Gaurav, S., Singh, A. (2012). An inquiry into the financial literacy and cognitive ability of farmers: Evidence from rural India. Oxf. Dev. Stud., 40, 358–380.
https://doi.org/10.1080/13600818.2012.703319 - Gbetibouo, G.A. (2009). Understanding farmers’ perceptions and adaptations to climate change and variability: The Case of the Limpopo Basin, vol. 849. International Food Policy Research Institute, South Africa. Retrieved from:
https://oerafrica.org/sites/default/files/oldresources/38093/Understanding%20farmers’%20perceptions%20and%20adaptations%20to%20climate%20change%20and%20variability.pdf - Gbetibouo, G.A., Ringler, C., Hassan, R. (2010). Vulnerability of the South African farming sector to climate change and variability: An indicator approach. Nat. Res. For., 34, 175–187.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-8947.2010.01302.x - Georgescu, M., Lobell, D.B., Field, C.B. (2011). Direct climate effects of perennial bioenergy crops in the United States. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA, 108, 4307–4312.
https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1008779108 - Gujarati, D.N. (2004). Basic Econometrics: fourth edition. Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Company Limited, New Delhi, India.
- Hagen, B. (2013). Public perceptions of climate change: Risk, trust, and policy (Unpublished PhD Dissertation). Arizona State University, Phoenix, Arizona.
- Harvey, C.A., Rakotobe, Z.L., Rao, N.S., Dave, R., Razafimahatratra, H., Rabarijohn, R.H., Rajaofara, H., MacKinnon, J.L. (2014). Extreme vulnerability of smallholder farmers to agricultural risks and climate change in Madagascar. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B. Biol. Sci.., 369, 1–12.
https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2013.0089 - Hasan, Z., Akhter, S. (2011). Determinants of public awareness and attitudes on climate change in urban Bangladesh: Dhaka as a case. Eur. J. Soc. Sci., 21, 154–162. Retrieved from:
https://www.scirp.org/reference/referencespapers?referenceid=2290037 - Hitayezu, P. (2015). Climate change perception, crop diversification and land use change among small-scale farmers in the midland’s region of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa: Behavioural and microeconomic analyses. Doctoral thesis, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa.
- Hitayezu, P., Wale, E., Ortmann, G. (2017). Assessing farmers’ perceptions about climate change: A double-hurdle approach. Clim. Risk. Man., 17, 123–138.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crm.2017.07.001 - Hyland, J.J., Jones, D.L., Parkhill, K.L., Barnes, A.R., Williams, A.P. (2015). Farmers’ perceptions of climate change: identifying types. Agric. Hum. Val., 33, 323–339. Retrieved from:
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10460-015-9608-9 - IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change). (2007). Climate Change 2007: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Parry, M.L. Canziani, O.F., Palutikof, J.P., van der Linden, P.J. and Hanson, C.E. Eds., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
- IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change). (2012). Managing the risks of extreme events and disasters to advance climate change adaptation. A special report of Working Groups I and II of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Field, C.B., Barros, V., Stocker, T.F., Qin, D., Dokken, D.J., Ebi, K.L., Mastrandrea, M.D., Mach, K.J., Plattner, G.K., Allen, S.K., Tignor, M., and Midgley, P.M.(eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, and New York, NY, USA.
- IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change). (2018). Global Warming of 1.5°C.An IPCC Special Report on the impacts of global warming of 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels and related global greenhouse gas emission pathways, in the context of strengthening the global response to the threat of climate change, sustainable development, and efforts to eradicate poverty.
- Israel, G.D. (1992). Determining sample size. Florida: University of Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agriculture Sciences, EDIS.
https://doi.org/10.4236/odem.2014.22004 - Jiri, O., Mafongoya, P., Chivenge, P. (2015). Smallholder farmer perceptions on climate change and variability: A predisposition for their subsequent adaptation strategies. J. Ear. Sci. Clim. Chan., 6, 5.
https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7617.1000277 - Kimani, N.C., Bhardwaj, S.K. (2015). Assessment of people’s perceptions and adaptations to climate change and variability in mid-hills of Himachal Pradesh, India. Int. J. Curr. Microbiol. App. Sci., 4(8), 47–60. Retrieved from:
https://www.ijcmas.com/vol-4-8/Ndungu%20Charles%20Kimani%20and%20S.K.%20Bhardwaj.pdf - Lankford, B., Pringle, C., Dickens, C., Lewis, F., Mander, M., Chhotray, V., Goulden, M., Nxele, Z., Quayle, L. (2011). Hydrological modelling of water allocation, ecosystem services and poverty alleviation in the Pongola floodplain, South Africa. J. Environ. Plan. Man., 54, 1237–1260.
https://doi.org/10.1080/09640568.2011.567127 - Lemma, W.A. (2016). Analysis of smallholder farmers’ perceptions of climate change and adaptation strategies to climate change: The case of Western Amhara Region, Ethiopia. Unpublished PhD Thesis, University of South Africa, Pretoria, South Africa.
- Maddison, D. (2007). The perception of and adaptation to climate change in Africa. The World Bank.
- Mandleni, B., Anim, F.D.K. (2011). Climate Change Awareness and Decision on Adaptation Measures by Livestock Farmers in South Africa. J. Agric. Sci., 3, 258–268.
https://doi.org/10.5539/jas.v3n3p258 - Maponya, P., Mpandeli, S., Oduniyi, S. (2013). Climate Change Awareness in Mpumalanga Province, South Africa. J. Agric. Sci., 5, 273–282.
https://doi.org/10.5539/jas.v5n10p273 - Masinga, F.N., Maharag, P., Nzima, D. (2021). Adapting to changing climatic conditions: perspectives and experiences of women in rural KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Dev. Prac., 31, 1002–1013.
https://doi.org/10.1080/09614524.2021.1937542 - Maziya, M., Nkonki-Mandleni, B., Mbizana, N., Tirivanhu, P. (2024). The perceived impact of climate change on the livelihoods of smallholder farmers in the KwaZulu-Natal province of South Africa. Sustainability, 16, 3013.
http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11910/23321 - Mills, J., Gaskell, P., Ingram, J., Dwyer, J., Reed, M., Short. C. (2017). Engaging farmers in environmental management through a better understanding of behaviour. Agric. Hum. Val., 34, 283–299.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10460-016-9705-4 - Moyo, M., Mvumi, B.M., Kunzekweguta, M., Mazvimavi, K., Craufurd, P., Dorward, P. (2012). Farmer perceptions on climate change and variability in semi- arid Zimbabwe in relation to climatology evidence. Afri. Crop. Sci. J., 20, 317–335. Retrieved from:
https://www.ajol.info/index.php/acsj/article/view/81753 - Mudombi, S., Nhamo, G., Muchie, M. (2014). Socio-economic determinants of climate change awareness among communal farmers in two districts of Zimbabwe. Afri. Insi., 44, 1–15. Retrieved from:
http://uir.unisa.ac.za/bitstream/handle/10500/19769/Socio-Economic_Determinants_of_climate_change_awareness__Mudombi__2014[1].pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y - Muller, C., Shackleton, S.E. (2014). Perceptions of climate change and barriers to adaptation amongst commonage and commercial livestock farmers in the semi-arid Eastern Eastern Cape Karoo. Afri. J. Ran. For. Sci., 31, 1–12.
https://doi.org/10.2989/10220119.2013.845606 - Mustafa, G., Latif, I.A., Bashir, M.K., Shamsudin, M.N., Daud, W.M.N.W. (2019). Determinants of farmers’ awareness of climate change. App. Environ. Edu. Com., 18, 219–233.
https://doi.org/10.1080/1533015X.2018.1454358 - Mustapha, S.B., Sanda, A.H., Shehu, H. (2012). Farmers’ perception of climate change in central agricultural zone of Borno state, Nigeria. J. Environ. Ear. Sci., 2, 21–28. Retrieved from:
https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:55627017 - Mutunga, E., Ndungu, C., Muendo., Muendo, P. (2018). Factors influencing smallholder farmers’ adaptation to climate variability in Kitui county, Kenya. J. Environ. Sci. Nat. Res. 8, 155–161. 10.19080/IJESNR.2018.08.555746
- Ndambiri, H.K., Ritho, C.N., Mbogoh, S.G. (2013). An evaluation of farmers’ perceptions of and adaptation to the effects of climate change in Kenya. Int. J. Food. Agric. Eco., 1, 75–96. 10.22004/ag.econ.156144
- Ndambiri, K., Ritho, C., Mbogoh, G., Ng’ang’a, I., Muiruri, J., Nyangweso, M., Kipsat, J., Omboto, I., Ogada, O., Kefa, C., Kubowon, C., Cherotwo, H. (2012). Analysis of farmers’ perceptions of the effects of climate change in Kenya: the case of Kyuso district. J. Environ. Ear. Sci., 2, 74–83. Retrieved from:
https://core.ac.uk/reader/234662990 - Ntsaluba, G. (2014). KwaZulu-Natal water crisis: too little too late. Corruption Watch. March 27, 2014. Retrieved 10th July 2021 from:
https://www.corruptionwatch.org.za/kzn-water-crisis-too-little-too-late/ - Oduniyi, O.S., Antwi, M., Nkonki-Mandleni, B. (2018). Determinants of climate change awareness among rural farming households in South Africa. J. Econ. Behav. Stud., 10, 116–124.
https://doi.org/10.22610/jebs.v10i5(J).2502 - Ojo, T.O., Baiyegunhi, L.J.S. (2021). Climate change perception and its impact on net farm income of smallholder rice farmers in South-West, Nigeria. J. Clean. Prod., 310, 127373.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.127373 - Patrick, H.O. (2021). Climate change and water insecurity in rural uMkhanyakude District Municipality: an assessment of coping strategies for rural South Africa. H2Open J. 4, 29–46.
https://doi.org/10.2166/h2oj.2021.009 - Pienaar, L., Traub, L.N. (2015). Understanding the smallholder farmer in South Africa: Towards a sustainable livelihood’s classification, paper presented at the International Conference of Agricultural Economist, 8–14 August, Milan, Italy. Retrieved from:
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/335055003_Understanding_the_smallholder_farmer_in_South_Africa_Towards_a_sustainable_livelihoods_classification - Roco, L., Engler, A., Bravo-Ureta, B.E., Jara-Rojas, R. (2015). Farmers’ perception of climate change in Mediterranean Chile. Reg. Environ. Change, 15, 867–879.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10113-014-0669-x - Saroar, M.M., Routray, J.K. (2012). Impacts of climatic disasters in coastal Bangladesh: why does private adaptive capacity differ? Reg. Environ. Change., 12, 169–190.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10113-011-0247-4 - Shisanya, S., Mafongoya, P. (2017). Assessing rural farmers’ perceptions and vulnerability to climate change in uMzinyathi District of Kwazulu-Natal, South Africa. Afr. J. Agric. Res., 12, 815–828.
https://doi.org/10.5897/AJAR2016.11871 - Smith, N., Leiserowitz, A. (2012). The rise of global warming scepticism: Exploring affective image associations in the United States over time. Risk. Anal., 32, 1021–1032.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1539-6924.2012.01801.x - Spence, A., Poortinga, W., Pidgeon, N.F. (2012). The psychological distance of climate change. Risk. Anal., 32, 957–972.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1539-6924.2011.01695.x - Stats SA (Statistics South Africa) (2020) Mid-year population estimates. Statistics South Africa, Pretoria, South Africa. Retrieved 26th Oct 2020 from:
https://www.statssa.gov.za/publications/P0302/P03022017.pdf - Streak, J.C., Yu, D., Van der Berg, S. (2009). Measuring child poverty in South Africa: sensitivity to the choice of equivalence scale and an updated profile. Soc. Indic. Res., 94, 183–201.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-008-9421-6 - Sugden, F., Maskey, N., Clement, F., Ramesh, V., Philip, A., Rai, A. (2014). Agrarian stress and climate change in the Eastern Gangetic Plains: gendered vulnerability in a stratified social formation. Glob. Environ. Chan., 29, 258–269.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2014.10.008 - Sumberg, J. (2003). Toward a dis-aggregated view of crop–livestock integration in Western Africa. Lan. Use. Pol., 20, 253–264.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0264-8377(03)00021-8 - Tesfahunegn, G.B., Mekonen, K., Tekle, A. (2016). Farmers’ perception on causes, indicators and determinants of climate change in northern Ethiopia: Implication for developing adaptation. App. Geo., 73, 1–12.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeog.2016.05.009 - Thamaga-Chitja, J.M., Morojele, P. (2014). The Context of Smallholder Farming in South Africa: Towards a Livelihood Asset Building Framework. J. Hum. Eco., 45, 147–155.
https://doi.org/10.1080/09709274.2014.11906688 - Thinda, K.T., Ogundeji, A.A., Belle, J.A., Ojo, T.O. (2020). Understanding the adoption of climate change adaptation strategies among smallholder farmers: Evidence from land reform beneficiaries in South Africa. Land. Use. Pol., 99, 104858.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2020.104858 - Tobler, C., Visschers, V.H.M., Siegrist, M. (2012). Addressing climate change: Determinants of consumers’ willingness to act and to support policy measures. J. Environ. Psych., 32, 197–207.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2012.02.001 - Ubisi, N.R., Mafongoya, P.L., Kolanisi, U., Jiri, O. (2017). Livelihoods in rural Limpopo province, South Africa change on crop production and household Smallholder farmer’s perceived effects of climate. Chan. Adapt. Soc.-Ecol. Syst., 3, 27–38.
https://doi.org/10.1515/cass-2017-0003 - UMkhanyakude District Municipality (2024). Integrated development plan review: 4th Generation 2022/23.
- Weber, E.U. (2010). What shapes perceptions of climate change. Wiley. Inter. Rev.: Clim. Chan., 1, 32–342.
https://doi.org/10.1002/wcc.377 - Whitmarsh, L. (2011). Scepticism and uncertainty about climate change: Dimensions, determinants and change over time. Glob. Environ. Chang., 21, 690–700.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2011.01.016