Analyzing the Determinants and Extent of Crop Diversification among Smallholder Coffee Farmers in Kirinyaga Central and East Sub-Counties, Kirinyaga County, Kenya

Figures & Tables

Variables	Category	Frequency	Percent.
Household head	Female	125	31.17
	Male	276	68.83
Diversification (years)	Less than 10 years	150	37.4
	10–20 years	115	28.68
	Above 20 years	136	33.92
Extension (access)	No	112	27.93
	Yes	289	72.07
Extension often	Once	17	5.88
	Twice	53	18.34
	Thrice	85	29.41
	More than thrice	134	46
Group membership	No	20	4.99
	Yes	381	95.01
Group benefits	Agricultural information	180	47.24
	Marketing information	39	10.24
	Credit access	96	25.2
	Input access	66	17.32
Credit access	No	51	12.72
	Yes	350	87.28
Diversifiers	No	21	5.24
	Yes	380	94.76

Sub-County	AEZs	Location	Sub-Location	Population	Sample Size
Kirinyaga Central	UM₁	Mutira	Kabari	911	20
		Inoi	Mbeti	500	11
	UM₂	Kerugoya	Kaitheri	1 900	42
		Koroma	Nduini	922	20
	UM₃	Kanyekini	Kianjege	2 174	48
		Kutus	Kangu	370	08
Kirinyaga East	UM₁	Ngariama	Rungeto	600	13
		Karumandi	Kiaruri	2 222	50
	UM₂	Baragwi	Rwambiti	3 200	71
		Njukiini	Ngiriambu	2 800	62
	UM₃	Kirima	Mutige	1 490	33
		Kabare	Rukenya	1 331	30

Totals				18 420	408

Variables	Coeff.	Std. Err	z	p-value
Gender of household head (Yes=1, No=0)	−0.053**	0.018	−2.960	0.003
Age of household head (Years)	0.011	0.01	1.100	0.241
Access to extension services (Yes=1, No=0)	0.052*	0.020	2.540	0.011
Distance to market (km)	0.002	0.005	0.540	0.633
Credit access (Yes=1, No)	0.044	0.027	1.630	0.102
Land size (ha)	0.067**	0.023	2.910	0.004
Education level (years)	0.005*	0.002	1.980	0.048
Household size (number)	0.013*	0.005	2.370	0.018
Constant	0.106***	0.027	3.926	0.000
LR chi²(8)	80.46	Pseudo	0.618
Prob > chi² ( )	0.000	Log likelihood	105.327
No. Observation	401

Variable	Description	Exp sign
Explained variables
Crop diversification choice	Binary: 1 if the farmer uses at least 1 crop diversification strategy, 0 if otherwise
Crop diversification extent	Crop Diversification Index (0–1)
Explanatory variables
Gender of the household head	Binary: 1 if the gender of the farmer is male, 0 if otherwise	+/−
Age of the household head	Continuous: Age of household head (Years)	+/−
Education level of the household head	Continuous: Highest level of education attained	+
Extension access	Binary: 1 if the farmer had accessed extension services, 0 if otherwise	+
Group membership	Binary: 1 if the farmer was a member of a community organization, 0 if otherwise	+
Household size	Continuous: Number of dependents in the household	+
Distance to market	Continuous: Walking distance to market in km	+/−
Access to credit	Binary: 1 if the farmer had received inputs credit, 0 if otherwise	+
Total cultivated land size	Continuous: The total cultivated land size (Ha)	+/−

Variables	Coeff.	Std. Err	z	p-value	dy/dx
Gender of household head	−0.466	0.306	−1.520	0.129	−0.062
Age of household head (years)	−0.006	0.011	−0.550	0.581	0.001
Household size (No.)	0.143*	0.087	1.980	0.099	0.016
Access to Extension services	0.704**	0.261	2.700	0.007	0.065
Cooperative membership	0.563	0.487	1.160	0.247	0.013
Distance to the market (km)	−0.102	0.069	−1.470	0.141	−0.003
Credit access	−0.618	0.550	−1.120	0.262	0.027
Land size (ha)	1.058**	0.322	3.290	0.001	0.088
Education level (years)	−0.008	0.041	−0.200	0.838	0.0047
_cons	−0.227***	0.008	28.375	0.000

lnsigma
_cons	−1.833	0.040	−46.130	0.000
/sigma	0.160	0.006
LR chi²(8)	80.46	Pseudo		0.618
Prob > chi² ( )	0.000	Log likelihood		105.327
No. Observation	401