Table 1.
Descriptive statistics of variables used in the analysis (N = 318)
| Variable | Min | Max | Mean | SD |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| EVA | −13 090 | 27 280 | 2 181 | 40 588 |
| LAN | 100 | 44 00 | 1 121 | 809 |
| LAB | 253 | 28 120 | 3 286 | 2 266 |
| EQUIP | 0 | 5 000 | 452 | 357 |
| HHsize | 1 | 15 | 4.25 | 2.05 |
| YrsOperation | 2 | 40 | 13.32 | 8.19 |
| Grants | 0 | 4 000 | 22.08 | 256.84 |
| Subsidies | 0 | 400 | 3.51 | 32.71 |
| FBO | Member – 93.1%; Not a member – 6.9% |
| Gender | Male – 86.8%; Female – 13.2% |
| Education | Basic – 41.5%; Secondary/technical – 52.2%; Tertiary – 6.3% |
| OpCapital | Below 1000 – 0.6%; 1000–10000 – 63.6%; 10 000–100 000 – 26.1%; above 100 000 – 9.7% |
| Age | 18–30 – 16.0%; 31–40 – 50.6%; 41–50 – 21.5%; 51–60 – 9.1%; above 60 – 2.8% |
| NumProducts | Single – 39.3%; multiple – 60.7% |
Fig. 1.
Levels and distribution of EVA efficiency scores among cocoa farmers
Source: prepared from author's survey data 2023.
Table 2.
Maximum likelihood estimates of stochastic frontier EVA function for EVA efficiency of cocoa farmers
| Variables | Parameter | Coefficient | Std. error | Z-value | P-value (Pr(>|z|)) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Regressor variables | |||||
| (Intercept) | β0 | 0.36748372 | 0.01013412 | 36.2620 | < 2.2e-16*** |
| LAN | β1 | 0.55125676 | 0.06210343 | 8.8764 | < 2.2e-16*** |
| LAB | β2 | −0.76391482 | 0.11157868 | −6.8464 | 7.572e-12*** |
| EQUIP | β3 | 0.07017228 | 0.06571194 | 1.0679 | 0.285576 |
| Exogenous variables | |||||
| (Intercept) | δ0 | −0.07756967 | 0.35846180 | −0.2164 | 0.828679 |
| Age | δ1 | 0.01368408 | 0.00864956 | 1.5821 | 0.113637 |
| Gender | δ2 | 0.01130137 | 0.01831295 | 0.6171 | 0.537153 |
| HHsize | δ3 | −0.00314528 | 0.00428686 | −0.7337 | 0.463129 |
| Education | δ4 | −0.00700958 | 0.01132743 | −0.6188 | 0.536038 |
| YrsOperation | δ5 | −0.01653359 | 0.00418754 | −3.9483 | 7.871e-05*** |
| OpCapital | δ6 | 0.03885501 | 0.01201489 | 3.2339 | 0.001221** |
| Grants | δ7 | −0.00074740 | 0.00017467 | −4.2790 | 1.878e-05*** |
| Subsidies | δ8 | −0.02297409 | 0.00442281 | −5.1945 | 2.053e-07*** |
| FBO | δ9 | 0.17592175 | 0.35604193 | 0.4941 | 0.621233 |
| NumProducts | δ10 | −0.00135253 | 0.01667042 | −0.0811 | 0.935336 |
| Variance parameters | |||||
| Sigma squared | σ2 | 0.00615334 | 0.00057305 | 10.7379 | < 2.2e-16 *** |
| Gamma | Γ | 0.16317262 | 0.08579660 | 1.9019 | 0.057190 |
| Llf. | 394.7104 | ||||
Table 3.
Constraints to cocoa production
| Constraints | Mean Rank |
|---|---|
| Purchasing price of inputs | 10.67 |
| Ready market for outputs | 9.60 |
| Distribution of products | 9.50 |
| Availability of storage facilities | 9.30 |
| Pests and diseases control | 9.14 |
| Agrochemical application | 8.90 |
| Harvesting and on-farm processing | 8.73 |
| Cultivation and Weed control | 8.56 |
| Planting | 7.99 |
| Availability of materials/equipment | 7.65 |
| Land preparation | 7.55 |
| Access to credit | 7.10 |
| Labour availability | 6.39 |
| Land acquisition | 4.92 |
| N | 337 |
| Kendall's W | 0.119 |
| Chi-Square | 601.212 |
| df | 15 |
| Asymp. Sig. | 0.000 |