Fig. 1.
Fig. 2.
Propensity score matching of the respondents
| Variable | Coef. | S.E | Z-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age | −0.0037 | 0.0069 | −0.53 |
| Sex | −0.5016 | 0.1593 | −3.15*** |
| Marital status | 0.5959 | 0.2040 | 2.92*** |
| Education | 0.0267 | 0.0102 | 2.62*** |
| Farming experience | 0.0070 | 0.0084 | 0.83 |
| Household size | 0.0050 | 0.0139 | 0.36 |
| Farm size | 0.1615 | 0.0844 | 1.91* |
| Group membership | 0.2761 | 0.1118 | 2.47** |
| Farm income | −1.91e-07 | 1.13e-07 | −1.69* |
| Expenditure | −1.91e-07 | 1.13e-07 | −0.38 |
| Constant | −0.8731 | 0.3050 | −2.86 |
| Log likelihood | −374.37 | ||
| LR chi2 (10) | 35.59*** | ||
| Pseudo R2 | 0.045 |
Impact of market information on cowpea farmers' household commercialisation
| Matching method | Treatment | Control | ATT | Std. err. | T-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nearest neighbour | 227 | 146 | −0.547 | 2.199 | −0.249 |
| Radius | 227 | 354 | −1.497 | 1.535 | −0.975 |
| Stratification | 227 | 354 | −0.731 | 1.529 | −0.478 |
| Kernel | 227 | 354 | −0.827 | 1.574 | −0.525 |
Impact of marketing information on cowpea farmers' farm income
| Matching method | Treatment | Control | ATT | Std. err. | T-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nearest neighbour | 227 | 146 | 24 583.92 | 44 760.96 | 0.549 |
| Radius | 227 | 354 | −654.394 | 37 042.94 | −0.018 |
| Stratification | 227 | 354 | 10 490.99 | 34 490.75 | 0.304 |
| Kernel | 227 | 354 | 7 643.295 | 40 573.52 | 0.188 |
Descriptive statistic of nominal variables by treatment
| Variable | Market information | Total | Pearson Chi square | Df | Sig. | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| not accessed | accessed | |||||||
| Sex | Female | Observed frequency | 90a | 60a | 150 | 9.401a | 1 | 0.002 |
| Expected frequency | 92.33 | 57.67 | 150 | |||||
| Male | Observed frequency | 275a | 168a | 443 | ||||
| Expected frequency | 272.67 | 170.33 | 443 | |||||
| Total | Observed frequency | 365 | 228 | 593 | ||||
| Expected frequency | 365 | 228 | 593 | |||||
| Group membership | Non-member | Observed frequency | 188a | 88b | 276 | 9.401a | 1 | 0.002 |
| Expected frequency | 169.88 | 106.12 | 276 | |||||
| Member | Observed frequency | 177a | 140b | 317 | ||||
| Expected frequency | 195.12 | 121.88 | 317 | |||||
| Total | Observed frequency | 365 | 228 | 593 | ||||
| Expected frequency | 365 | 228 | 593 | |||||
Descriptive statistic of continuous variables by treatment
| Variable | Accessed | Not-accessed | T-value | Df | Mean difference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| traditional market information | |||||
| mean (n = 228) | mean (n = 365) | ||||
| Age (years) | 45.1 | 45.6 | −0.4 | 591 | −0.5 (1.2) |
| Education (years) | 8.90 | 7.41 | 3.0*** | 591 | 1.5 (0.5) |
| Farming experience (years) | 21.66 | 21.7 | −0.2 | 591 | −0.2 (1.0) |
| Household size (person) | 8.61 | 8.14 | 1.4 | 591 | 0.5 (0.3) |
| Farm income (₦) | 317 848.9 | 379 724.1 | −1.4 | 591 | −61 875.2 (45 725.8) |
| Expenditure (₦) | 187 713.4 | 192 194.6 | −0.4 | 591 | −4 481.2 (12 056.6) |
| Farm size (ha) | 0.9 | 0.8 | 1.6 | 591 | 0.1 (0.1) |
| Value of cowpea harvest (₦) | 262 265.4 | 308 117.7 | −1.1 | 591 | −45 852.4 (40 609.5) |
| Amount of cowpea sold (₦) | 144 887.7 | 187 119.9 | −1.6 | 591 | −42 232.2 (26 715.8) |
| Household commercialization index (%) | 53.9 | 55.6 | −1.1 | 591 | −1.7 (1.6) |
Traditional market information sources
| Market information | Frequency* | % |
|---|---|---|
| Fellow farmer | 355 | 37.81 |
| Family/friends | 329 | 35.04 |
| Agro-dealer | 101 | 10.76 |
| Farmers' group | 61 | 6.5 |
| Government extension agent | 39 | 4.15 |
| Radio | 32 | 3.41 |
| Private extension/NGOs | 18 | 1.92 |
| Market agent | 4 | 0.43 |
| Total | 939 | 100 |
Impact of traditional market information on household commercialisation and farm income
| Variable | Matching algorithms | Household commercialization index | Farm income | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No. of treated | No. of control | ATT | No. of treated | No. of control | ATT | ||
| Family/friends | Kernel | 328 | 258 | 1.978 (1.668) | 328 | 258 | 78,322.227 (43558.99)* |
| Stratification | 322 | 257 | 1.852 (1.574) | 322 | 257 | 39,246.196 (38303.202) | |
| Radius | 328 | 258 | 1.688 (1.594) | 328 | 258 | 96,446.012 (43416.320)** | |
| Nearest neighbor | 328 | 158 | 1.537 (2.193) | 328 | 158 | 74,872.091 (56849.034) | |
| Radio | Kernel | 32 | 505 | −4.116 (3.550) | 32 | 505 | −73000 (34741.877)** |
| Stratification | 32 | 505 | −3.567 (3.908) | 32 | 505 | −75,500 (34091.713)** | |
| Radius | 32 | 505 | −4.423 (3.682) | 32 | 505 | −76400 (35727.559)** | |
| Nearest neighbor | 32 | 30 | −1.680 (5.139) | 32 | 30 | −294,000 (209,000) | |
| Agro-dealer | Kernel | 99 | 478 | −1.322 (2.351) | 99 | 478 | −42400 (29749.645) |
| Stratification | 99 | 478 | −1.215 (2.077) | 99 | 478 | −49100 (31911.602) | |
| Radius | 99 | 478 | −1.481 (2.151) | 99 | 478 | −36200 (33417.561) | |
| Nearest neighbor | 99 | 92 | −1.588 (2.897) | 99 | 92 | −42200 (42067.008) | |
| Fellow farmer | Kernel | 353 | 235 | −0.008 (1.860) | 353 | 235 | 42384.078 (43579.499) |
| Stratification | 348 | 232 | −0.088 (1.595) | 348 | 232 | −7423.472 (34368.802) | |
| Radius | 353 | 235 | −0.403 (1.612) | 353 | 235 | 40837.476 (41625.786) | |
| Nearest neighbor | 353 | 165 | −0.006 (1.954) | 353 | 165 | 29790.229 (47964.206) | |
| Farmers' group | Kernel | 61 | 496 | −3.5 (2.715) | 61 | 496 | 22279.666 (44574.657) |
| Stratification | 61 | 496 | −3.835 (2.569) | 61 | 496 | 17268.522 (39049.190) | |
| Radius | 61 | 496 | −3.744 (2.644) | 61 | 496 | 18458.284 (38370.516) | |
| Nearest neighbor | 61 | 56 | −4.426 (3.222) | 61 | 56 | 14663.115 (47312.762) | |
| Government extension agent | Kernel | 39 | 505 | 2.682 (3.613) | 39 | 505 | −130000 (60171.328)** |
| Stratification | 37 | 499 | 3.764 (3.749) | 37 | 499 | −95700 (41706.487)** | |
| Radius | 39 | 505 | 2.737 (3.683) | 39 | 505 | −67400 (42508.149) | |
| Nearest neighbor | 39 | 34 | 9.903 (5.019) | 39 | 34 | −429000 (251,000)* | |
| Private extension/NGOs | Kernel | 18 | 481 | −7.025 (4.414) | 18 | 481 | 51761.348 (68591.872) |
| Stratification | 18 | 481 | −6.75 (4.673) | 18 | 481 | 31591.209 (55124.718) | |
| Radius | 18 | 481 | −7.038 (4.948) | 18 | 481 | 63716.311 (80036.586) | |
| Nearest neighbor | 18 | 17 | −5.444 (6.129) | 18 | 17 | 67594.444 (88942.490) | |
| Market agent | Kernel | 4 | 226 | 3.855 (2.866) | 4 | 226 | 447000 (391,000) |
| Stratification | – | – | – | – | – | – | |
| Radius | 4 | 226 | 4.001 (2.128)* | 4 | 226 | 453000 (398,000) | |
| Nearest neighbor | 4 | 4 | 9 (15.426) | 4 | 4 | 598000 (402,000) | |