Figure 1
Seasonal (3-month) mean values of modeled NH3 concentrations for the European model domain for 2019. The seasons are as follows: JFD: January, February, December; MAM: March, April, May; JJA: June, July, August; SON: September, October, November.
Figure 2
Seasonal mean values of modeled NH3 concentrations for the Swedish model domain for 2019. Note the different y-axis scale compared with Figure 1.
Figure 3
Monthly NH3 concentrations and evaluation statistics over all measurement stations for the European (panels (a)–(c)) and Swedish (panels (d)–(f)) model domains. Panels (a) and (d): Annual distribution of modeled and observed daily mean NH3 concentrations. Panels (b) and (e): Monthly global normalized mean bias (NMB). Panels (c) and (f): Monthly global Pearson correlation coefficient. Panels for the Swedish model domain ((d)–(f)) include only the stations in the Sweden-centered domain and show results from both the Swedish-scale and the coarser-resolution European-scale simulations. All stations are marked with red circles on the inset map in panel (a), with the Swedish-domain stations filled with black.
Figure 4
Seasonal evaluation statistics for modeled daily mean NH3 concentrations for the European model domain. Panel (a): Normalized mean bias (NMB). Panel (b): Pearson correlation coefficient.
Figure 5
Predicted changes in seasonal mean NH3 concentrations in model scenario with reduced Swedish emissions for agricultural NH3.
Figure 6
Panel (a): Modeled seasonal mean concentrations of PM2.5. Panels (b) and (c): Predicted changes in model scenarios with reduced Swedish emissions for agricultural NH3 (panel (b)), and NOx from road transport (panel (c)).
Figure 7
Panel (a): Modeled seasonal accumulated deposition of total nitrogen. Panels (b) and (c): Predicted changes in model scenarios with reduced Swedish emissions for agricultural NH3 (panel (b)), and NOx from road transport (panel (c)).