Dimensionless Parameterizations of Air-Sea CO2 Gas Transfer Velocity on Surface Waves

Accurate quantification of air-sea gas transfer velocity is critical for our understanding of air-sea CO₂ gas fluxes, global carbon budget and climate responses. CO₂ transfer velocity is predominantly subject to constraints of wave-related dynamic processes at the ocean surface layer but is typically parameterized with wind speed. This study proposes and compares two parameterizations which accommodate dimensionless wave terms. The validations are conducted using both laboratory and field measurements of CO₂ transfer and wave statistics. A scaling of bubble-mediated gas transfer is implemented into the formula that is linked to wave breaking probability. The improved parameterizations are capable of collapsing combined laboratory and field data sets which comprise diversified conditions of wind, wave and wave breaking.