Figure 1
The competing study models.
Table 1
Analyses of attrition bias.
| Variable | Study sample | Dropouts | t-value | Cohen’s d | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| M | SD | M | SD | |||
| Work-SOC | 5.34 | 1.13 | 4.94 | 1.14 | –3.70*** | –0.35 |
| Job satisfaction | 3.74 | 0.83 | 3.62 | 0.81 | –1.62 | |
| Work engagement | 5.66 | 1.23 | 5.38 | 1.32 | –2.31* | –0.21 |
| Age | 44.94 | 12.05 | 40.84 | 13.41 | –3.46*** | –0.32 |
| Contracted work hours | 30.87 | 8.18 | 28.72 | 10.15 | –2.55* | –0.22 |
[i] Note: Variables measured at T1.
* p < 0.05. *** p < 0.001.
Table 2
Means, standard deviations, internal consistencies and correlations between the study variables.
| M | SD | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Work-SOC T1 | 5.34 | 1.13 | (0.88) | |||||
| Work engagement T1 | 5.66 | 1.23 | 0.54*** | (0.93) | ||||
| Job Satisfaction T1 | 3.74 | 0.83 | 0.68*** | 0.68*** | (0.87) | |||
| Work-SOC T2 | 5.41 | 1.10 | 0.59*** | 0.35*** | 0.52*** | (0.87) | ||
| Work engagement T2 | 5.66 | 1.25 | 0.47*** | 0.64*** | 0.61*** | 0.52*** | (0.95) | |
| Job Satisfaction T2 | 3.78 | 0.81 | 0.44*** | 0.44*** | 0.65*** | 0.58*** | 0.66*** | (0.87) |
[i] Note: Cronbach’s alphas (α) in diagonals.
*** p < 0.001.
Table 3
Discriminant validity of latent variables in measurement model.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Work-SOC T1 | 0.60 | |||||
| Work-SOC T2 | 0.27 | 0.61 | ||||
| Work engagement T1 | 0.34 | 0.13 | 0.78 | |||
| Work engagement T2 | 0.25 | 0.25 | 0.48 | 0.81 | ||
| Job Satisfaction T1 | 0.56 | 0.28 | 0.58 | 0.51 | 0.63 | |
| Job Satisfaction T2 | 0.30 | 0.38 | 0.28 | 0.59 | 0.53 | 0.63 |
[i] Note: Off-diagonals: squared correlations. Diagonals/bold: AVE (average variance extracted).
Table 4
Goodness of fit statistics for the alternative study models.
| χ2 (df) | χ2/df | RMSEA | SRMR | CFI | TLI | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mstability | 243.069(151)*** | 1.610 | 0.064 | 0.096 | 0.960 | 0.950 |
| Mcausality (WS → WE/JS) | 236.836(149)*** | 1.590 | 0.063 | 0.083 | 0.962 | 0.952 |
| Mreversed (WE/JS → WS) | 239.653(149)*** | 1.608 | 0.064 | 0.089 | 0.961 | 0.950 |
| Mreciprocal (WS ↔ WE/JS) | 234.578(147)*** | 1.596 | 0.063 | 0.080 | 0.962 | 0.951 |
[i] Note: χ2, chi squared; df, degrees of freedom; RMSEA, root mean squared error of approximation; SRMR, standard root mean squared residual; CFI, comparative fit index; TLI, Tucker-Lewis index; WS, work-SOC; WE, work engagement; JS, job satisfaction.
*** p < 0.001.
Figure 2
Standardized path coefficients of Mcausality. * p < 0.05. ** p < 0.01. *** p < 0.001. ns = not significant.