Figure 1
Research Model.
Note. Part 1 of this study focuses on job and off-job crafting profiles. Part 2 focuses on the role of the crafting profiles for the long-term relationship between workload and recovery experiences while accounting for the stability of these constructs. The bold line between workload at Wave 1 and recovery experiences at Wave 2 is of particular interest. Additionally, the broken line between crafting profiles and recovery experiences indicates that mean differences in recovery experiences between the crafting profiles will be assessed with auxiliary analyses.
Table 1
Descriptive Statistics and Correlations Between Variables.
| VARIABLE | M | SD | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1. Sexa | – | – | – | ||||||||||||
| 2. Age | 43.64 | 11.13 | –0.06** | – | |||||||||||
| 3. No. childrenb | – | – | –0.02 | –0.11*** | – | ||||||||||
| 4. Education | – | – | –0.05* | –0.02 | 0.03 | – | |||||||||
| 5. Tenurec | 10.71 | 9.67 | –0.06** | 0.45*** | –0.12*** | 0.04 | – | ||||||||
| 6. JC RD | 2.94 | 0.68 | –0.04 | –0.07** | –0.03 | –0.02 | –0.05* | 0.66 | |||||||
| 7. JC CD | 2.57 | 0.88 | 0.02 | –0.20*** | 0.08*** | 0.06** | –0.13*** | 0.17*** | 0.79 | ||||||
| 8. JC SOC | 2.91 | 0.60 | 0.01 | –0.18*** | 0.14*** | 0.06** | –0.12*** | 0.18*** | 0.50*** | .74 | |||||
| 9. JC STR | 3.95 | 0.62 | 0.06** | –0.05* | 0.13*** | 0.04 | –0.08*** | 0.19*** | 0.38*** | 0.44*** | 0.79 | ||||
| 10. OJC D | 3.86 | 0.87 | 0.04 | –0.00 | –0.05* | –0.02 | 0.02 | 0.17*** | 0.01 | 0.03 | 0.06** | 0.84 | |||
| 11. OJC R | 3.73 | 0.85 | 0.01 | 0.06** | –0.05* | –0.10*** | 0.02 | 0.20*** | 0.04 | 0.11*** | 0.14*** | 0.64*** | 0.82 | ||
| 12. OJC AU | 3.79 | 0.75 | 0.00 | 0.02 | 0.01 | –0.11*** | –0.01 | 0.21*** | 0.11*** | 0.14*** | 0.22*** | 0.46*** | 0.53*** | 0.70 | |
| 13. OJC MA | 3.44 | 0.82 | –0.04 | 0.03 | 0.04 | –0.03 | 0.02 | 0.25*** | 0.21*** | 0.22*** | 0.34*** | 0.32*** | 0.41*** | 0.64*** | |
| 14. OJC ME | 3.59 | 0.78 | 0.05* | 0.03 | 0.05* | 0.02 | 0.04 | 0.19*** | 0.18*** | 0.21*** | 0.29*** | 0.33*** | 0.37*** | 0.59*** | |
| 15. OJC AF | 3.79 | 0.84 | 0.07** | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.08*** | 0.07** | 0.10*** | 0.13*** | 0.20*** | 0.25*** | 0.35*** | 0.36*** | 0.46*** | |
| 16. WL W1 | 2.61 | 0.76 | –0.00 | –0.12*** | 0.07** | 0.02 | –0.03 | 0.08*** | 0.07** | 0.11*** | 0.06** | –0.21*** | –0.17*** | –0.15*** | |
| 17. WL W2 | 2.58 | 0.76 | –0.04 | –0.07*** | 0.09*** | 0.01 | –0.00 | 0.10*** | 0.06* | 0.12*** | 0.07** | –0.14*** | –0.14*** | –0.11*** | |
| 18. RE W1 | 3.49 | 0.64 | –0.03 | 0.12*** | 0.00 | –0.15*** | 0.01 | 0.10*** | 0.01 | 0.04 | 0.16*** | 0.38*** | 0.45*** | 0.43*** | |
| 19. RE W2 | 3.50 | 0.63 | 0.01 | 0.08** | –0.01 | –0.14*** | 0.03 | 0.08** | 0.02 | 0.04 | 0.14*** | 0.32*** | 0.35*** | 0.37*** | |
| 20. RE D W1 | 3.44 | 1.10 | –0.02 | 0.06** | –0.07*** | –0.01 | 0.05* | 0.02 | –0.06** | –0.06** | 0.00 | 0.38*** | 0.25*** | 0.19*** | |
| 21. RE D W2 | 3.45 | 1.11 | –0.04 | –0.00 | –0.03 | 0.01 | 0.06* | 0.02 | –0.06* | –0.03 | –0.04 | 0.34*** | 0.19*** | 0.15*** | |
| 22. RE R W1 | 3.74 | 0.90 | –0.02 | 0.06** | 0.02 | –0.13*** | –0.01 | 0.06** | –0.02 | 0.06** | 0.12*** | 0.33*** | 0.48*** | 0.38*** | |
| 23. RE R W2 | 3.76 | 0.89 | –0.01 | 0.02 | –0.03 | –0.13*** | –0.00 | 0.05 | –0.02 | 0.05 | 0.12*** | 0.25*** | 0.39*** | 0.31*** | |
| 24. RE MA W1 | 2.80 | 0.98 | –0.04* | 0.11*** | 0.09*** | –0.02 | 0.00 | 0.12*** | 0.16*** | 0.15*** | 0.23*** | 0.09*** | 0.16*** | 0.25*** | |
| 25. RE MA W2 | 2.79 | 0.97 | 0.00 | 0.14*** | 0.09*** | –0.04 | 0.00 | 0.11*** | 0.16*** | 0.11*** | 0.24*** | 0.05* | 0.09*** | 0.23*** | |
| 26. RE C W1 | 3.97 | 0.88 | 0.02 | 0.08*** | –0.03 | –0.28*** | –0.03 | 0.06** | –0.07** | –0.04 | 0.08*** | 0.21*** | 0.32*** | 0.36*** | |
| 27. RE C W2 | 4.00 | 0.86 | 0.08** | 0.05* | –0.07* | –0.26*** | 0.01 | 0.03 | –0.02 | –0.02 | 0.08** | 0.19*** | 0.28*** | 0.31*** | |
| VARIABLE | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 |
| 13. OJC MA | 0.77 | ||||||||||||||
| 14. OJC ME | 0.64*** | 0.76 | |||||||||||||
| 15. OJC AF | 0.40*** | 0.59*** | 0.86 | ||||||||||||
| 16. WL W1 | –0.03 | –0.05* | –0.11*** | 0.81 | |||||||||||
| 17. WL W2 | –0.00 | –0.01 | –0.07* | 0.77*** | 0.80 | ||||||||||
| 18. RE W1 | 0.32*** | 0.32*** | 0.29*** | –0.28*** | –0.23*** | 0.57 | |||||||||
| 19. RE W2 | 0.31*** | 0.29*** | 0.24*** | –0.21*** | –0.23*** | 0.56*** | 0.56 | ||||||||
| 20. RE D W1 | 0.08*** | 0.13*** | 0.17*** | –0.28*** | –0.23*** | 0.66*** | 0.32*** | – | |||||||
| 21. RE D W2 | 0.10*** | 0.13*** | 0.14*** | –0.23*** | –0.25*** | 0.32*** | 0.64*** | 0.41*** | – | ||||||
| 22. RE R W1 | 0.21*** | 0.24*** | 0.26*** | –0.22*** | –0.18*** | 0.73*** | 0.41*** | 0.29*** | 0.17*** | – | |||||
| 23. RE R W2 | 0.20*** | 0.20*** | 0.22*** | –0.16*** | –0.15*** | 0.43*** | 0.74*** | 0.18*** | 0.24*** | 0.48*** | – | ||||
| 24. RE MA W1 | 0.39*** | 0.32*** | 0.20*** | –0.02 | –0.01 | 0.57*** | 0.34*** | 0.11*** | 0.08** | 0.20*** | 0.16*** | – | |||
| 25. RE MA W2 | 0.38*** | 0.29*** | 0.16*** | –0.00 | 0.01 | 0.32*** | 0.57*** | 0.06* | 0.11*** | 0.12*** | 0.23*** | 0.55*** | – | ||
| 26. RE C W1 | 0.16*** | 0.16*** | 0.15*** | –0.21*** | –0.20*** | 0.71*** | 0.41*** | 0.25*** | 0.14*** | 0.53*** | 0.36*** | 0.19*** | 0.10*** | – | |
| 27. RE C W2 | 0.16*** | 0.14*** | 0.11*** | –0.17*** | –0.19*** | 0.42*** | 0.70*** | 0.16*** | 0.22*** | 0.35*** | 0.56*** | 0.12*** | 0.17*** | 0.52*** | – |
[i] Note. M = Mean, SD = Standard deviation, JC = Job crafting, OJC = Off-job crafting, RD = Reducing hindering demands, CD = Increasing challenging demands, SOC = Increasing social job resources, STR = Increasing structural job resources, D = Detachment, R = Relaxation, AU = Autonomy, MA = Mastery, ME = Meaning, AF = Affiliation, WL = Workload, RE = recovery experiences, C = Control, W1 = Wave 1, W2 = Wave 2. NWave1 = 2,117 and NWave2 = 1,476. Means and standard deviations were obtained using mean scores for the measures. Cronbach’s alpha is reported in italics along the diagonal for constructs with multiple indicators. * = p < 0.05, ** = p < 0.01, *** = p < 0.001.
a 1 = male, 2 = female, b 0 = no children, 1 = 1 child, 2 = 2 children, 3 = 3 or more children, c tenure in months, M and SD reported in year.
Table 2
Mean Scores of Crafting Profiles, Standard Deviation Provided in Parentheses.
| CRAFTING INDICATOR | ACTIVE CRAFTERS | AVERAGE CRAFTERS | LEAST ACTIVE CRAFTERS |
|---|---|---|---|
| JC – RD | 3.215 (0.737) | 2.946 (0.593) | 2.728 (0.655) |
| JC – CD | 4.308 (0.538) | 3.918 (0.548) | 3.723 (0.632) |
| JC – SOC | 2.842 (0.968) | 2.596 (0.799) | 2.354 (0.857) |
| JC – STR | 3.174 (0.659) | 2.902 (0.525) | 2.744 (0.579) |
| OJC – D | 4.464 (0.599) | 3.988 (0.667) | 3.272 (0.919) |
| OJC – R | 4.452 (0.583) | 3.818 (0.623) | 3.113 (0.812) |
| OJC – AU | 4.568 (0.403) | 3.892 (0.449) | 3.087 (0.605) |
| OJC – MA | 4.346 (0.511) | 3.494 (0.511) | 2.713 (0.621) |
| OJC – ME | 4.421 (0.479) | 3.659 (0.488) | 2.911 (0.634) |
| OJC – AF | 4.496 (0.532) | 3.897 (0.644) | 3.164 (0.789) |
[i] Note. JC = Job crafting, OJC = Off-job crafting, RD = Reducing hindering demands, CD = Increasing challenging demands, SOC = Increasing social job resources, STR = Increasing structural job resources, D = Detachment, R = Relaxation, AU = Autonomy, MA = Mastery, ME = Meaning, AF = Affiliation. N = 2117.
Figure 2
Crafting Profiles with Unstandardized Mean Scores for Profile Indicators.
Note. JC_RD1 = Job crafting facet reducing hindering demands, JC_STR1 = Job crafting facet increasing structural job resources, JC_CD1 = Job crafting facet increasing challenging demands, JC_SOZ1 = Job crafting facet increasing social job resources, OJC_D1 = Off-job crafting facet detachment, OJC_R1 = Off-job crafting facet relaxation, OJC_AU1 = Off-job crafting facet autonomy, OJC_MA1 = Off-job crafting facet mastery, OJC_ME1 = Off-job crafting facet meaning, OJC_AF1 = Off-job crafting facet affiliation. N = 2117. Profile sizes: NActive Crafters = 501, NAverage Crafters = 913, NLeast Active Crafters = 703. For better readability, mean estimates and standard deviation bars were slightly jittered.
Figure 3
Scatterplot of Job and Off-Job Crafting Means Including Posterior Profile Assignment.
Note. N = 2117. Profile sizes: NActive Crafters = 501, NAverage Crafters = 913, NLeast Active Crafters = 703.
Table 3
Auxiliary BCH Analyses to Assess Differences in Individual Recovery Experiences at Wave 2 Between Crafting Profiles.
| OUTCOME | ACTIVE CRAFTERS (ACC) | AVERAGE CRAFTERS (AVC) | LEAST ACTIVE CRAFTERS (LACC) | OVERALL C2 (2) | SUMMARY | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| M | SE | M | SE | M | SE | |||
| Detachment | 4.046 | 0.065 | 3.853 | 0.042 | 3.53 | 0.056 | 39.11, p < 0.001 | LAcC < AvC < AcC |
| Relaxation | 3.878 | 0.066 | 3.747 | 0.042 | 3.283 | 0.06 | 53.236, p < 0.001 | LAcC < AvC = AcC |
| Mastery | 3.786 | 0.067 | 3.495 | 0.042 | 3.183 | 0.055 | 49.54, p < 0.001 | LAcC < AvC < AcC |
| Control | 4.175 | 0.046 | 3.845 | 0.032 | 3.357 | 0.047 | 155.23, p < 0.001 | LAcC < AvC < AcC |
[i] Note. * p < 0.05 ** p < 0.01 *** p < 0.001.
Table 4
Latent Regression Model Results for Cross-Lagged Model on Long-Term Relationship Between Workload and Recovery Experiences (Facets) at Wave 1 and 2.
| PATH | B | SE |
|---|---|---|
| Workload Wave 1 → Workload Wave 2 | 0.812 *** | 0.022 |
| Detachment Wave 1 → Detachment Wave 2 | 0.372 *** | 0.029 |
| Relaxation Wave 1 → Relaxation Wave 2 | 0.411 *** | 0.026 |
| Mastery Wave 1 → Mastery Wave 2 | 0.523 *** | 0.023 |
| Control Wave 1 → Control Wave 2 | 0.448 *** | 0.023 |
| Workload Wave 1 → Detachment Wave 2 | –0.172 *** | 0.037 |
| Workload Wave 1 → Relaxation Wave 2 | –0.08 ** | 0.028 |
| Workload Wave 1 → Mastery Wave 2 | 0.001 | 0.028 |
| Workload Wave 1 → Control Wave 2 | –0.085 ** | 0.025 |
| Detachment Wave 1 → Workload Wave 2 | –0.018 | 0.015 |
| Relaxation Wave 1 → Workload Wave 2 | 0.005 | 0.021 |
| Mastery Wave 1 → Workload Wave 2 | 0.014 | 0.016 |
| Control Wave 1 → Workload Wave 2 | –0.024 | 0.02 |
| Intercept Workload Wave 1 (Mean) | 2.401 *** | 0.023 |
| Intercept Workload Wave 2 | 0.529 *** | 0.124 |
| Intercept Detachment Wave 2 | 2.585 *** | 0.156 |
| Intercept Relaxation Wave 2 | 2.401 *** | 0.134 |
| Intercept Mastery Wave 2 | 1.331 *** | 0.093 |
| Intercept Control Wave 2 | 2.41 *** | 0.123 |
| Covariance Workload with Detachment Wave 2 | –0.063 *** | 0.016 |
| Covariance Workload with Relaxation Wave 2 | –0.021 | 0.013 |
| Covariance Workload with Mastery Wave 2 | 0.003 | 0.013 |
| Covariance Workload with Control Wave 2 | –0.033 ** | 0.012 |
[i] Note. * p < 0.05 ** p < 0.01 *** p < 0.001.
Table 5
Latent Regression Model Results for Multigroup Analysis of the Long-Term Relationship Between Workload and Recovery Experiences (Facets) at Waves 1 and 2.
| PATH | B | SE | B | SE | B | SE |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ACTIVE CRAFTERS | AVERAGE CRAFTERS | LEAST ACTIVE CRAFTERS | ||||
| Workload Wave 1 → Workload Wave 2 | 0.754 *** | 0.048 | 0.827 *** | 0.031 | 0.808 *** | 0.033 |
| Detachment Wave 1 → Detachment Wave 2 | 0.39 *** | 0.059 | 0.353 *** | 0.046 | 0.35 *** | 0.048 |
| Relaxation Wave 1 → Relaxation Wave 2 | 0.288 *** | 0.054 | 0.335 *** | 0.042 | 0.462 *** | 0.038 |
| Mastery Wave 1 → Mastery Wave 2 | 0.525 *** | 0.052 | 0.489 *** | 0.036 | 0.461 *** | 0.042 |
| Control Wave 1 → Control Wave 2 | 0.356 *** | 0.046 | 0.444 *** | 0.04 | 0.473 *** | 0.035 |
| Workload Wave 1 → Detachment Wave 2 | –0.103 | 0.057 | –0.033 | 0.044 | –0.217 *** | 0.045 |
| Workload Wave 1 → Relaxation Wave 2 | –0.029 | 0.042 | –0.019 | 0.031 | –0.086 * | 0.036 |
| Workload Wave 1 → Mastery Wave 2 | 0.004 | 0.045 | 0.032 | 0.03 | 0.005 | 0.036 |
| Workload Wave 1 → Control Wave 2 | –0.054 | 0.034 | –0.031 | 0.029 | –0.081 * | 0.036 |
| Detachment Wave 1 → Workload Wave 2 | –0.038 | 0.044 | –0.036 | 0.034 | –0.018 | 0.034 |
| Relaxation Wave 1 → Workload Wave 2 | –0.118 | 0.071 | 0.003 | 0.046 | 0.06 | 0.048 |
| Mastery Wave 1 → Workload Wave 2 | 0.065 | 0.043 | –0.041 | 0.034 | 0.054 | 0.044 |
| Control Wave 1 → Workload Wave 2 | –0.063 | 0.063 | 0.02 | 0.048 | –0.066 | 0.043 |
| Intercept Workload Wave 1 (Mean) | 3.114 *** | 0.087 | 3.288 *** | 0.08 | 3.578 *** | 0.084 |
| Intercept Workload Wave 2 | 1.483 *** | 0.409 | 0.737 ** | 0.267 | 0.534 | 0.289 |
| Intercept Detachment Wave 2 | 2.596 *** | 0.323 | 2.321 *** | 0.239 | 2.929 *** | 0.271 |
| Intercept Relaxation Wave 2 | 2.997 *** | 0.299 | 2.607 *** | 0.222 | 2.156 *** | 0.201 |
| Intercept Mastery Wave 2 | 1.454 *** | 0.213 | 1.362 *** | 0.146 | 1.311 *** | 0.151 |
| Intercept Control Wave 2 | 2.889 *** | 0.254 | 2.336 *** | 0.205 | 2.3 *** | 0.197 |
| Covariance Workload with Detachment Wave 2 | –0.184 *** | 0.042 | –0.184 *** | 0.042 | –0.184 *** | 0.042 |
| Covariance Workload with Relaxation Wave 2 | –0.077 * | 0.034 | –0.077 * | 0.034 | –0.077 * | 0.034 |
| Covariance Workload with Mastery Wave 2 | –0.001 | 0.036 | –0.001 | 0.036 | –0.001 | 0.036 |
| Covariance Workload with Control Wave 2 | –0.103 ** | 0.033 | –0.103 ** | 0.033 | –0.103 ** | 0.033 |
[i] Note. Within profiles, the latent variable variances were restrained to 1. * p < 0.05 ** p < 0.01 *** p < 0.001.