Table 1
Means, standard deviations, and intercorrelations for all study variables (N = 1606).
| VARIABLES | M | SD | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Age | 45.17 | 10.02 | – | ||||||||||
| 2 | Gender (reference: males) | – | – | –.03 | – | |||||||||
| 3 | Education | – | – | –.10*** | .13*** | – | ||||||||
| 4 | Leadership position (reference: No) | – | – | .07** | –.20*** | .02 | – | |||||||
| 5 | Turnover intent T1 | 2.07 | 1.05 | –.11*** | –.01 | .05 | –.09*** | – | ||||||
| 6 | Turnover intent T2 | 2.06 | 1.04 | –.08** | –.04 | .04 | –.04 | .63*** | – | |||||
| 7 | Quantitative job demands T1 | 2.52 | .57 | –.01 | .01 | .01 | .21*** | .16*** | .16*** | – | ||||
| 8 | Role ambiguity T1 | 1.61 | .56 | –.09*** | .02 | .20*** | –.04 | .27*** | .21*** | –.04 | – | |||
| 9 | Role conflict T1 | 1.81 | .43 | –.07** | .00 | .05* | .06* | .33*** | .28*** | .35*** | .23*** | – | ||
| 10 | Workplace bullying T1 | 1.20 | .34 | –.05* | –.02 | –.04 | .01 | .36*** | .31*** | .19*** | .22*** | .40*** | – | |
| 11 | Transformational leadership T1 | 3.67 | .84 | –.01 | .04 | .10*** | .04 | –.42*** | –.30*** | –.12*** | –.28*** | –.33*** | –.36*** | – |
[i] *** p < .001; ** p < .01; * p < .05.
Table 2
Cross-sectional associations between job demands on turnover intentions at T1 (Multivariate model: R2 = .22; F = 54.09; df = 8/1543; p < 001).
| VARIABLES | BIVARIATE | MULTIVARIATE | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| B | S.E. | 95% CI B | β | B | S.E. | 95% CI B | β | |
| Age | – | – | – | – | –.01 | .00 | –.02 – –.01 | –.14*** |
| Gender | – | – | – | – | –.07 | .05 | –.18 – .03 | –.01 |
| Education | – | – | – | – | .04 | .05 | –.06 – .13 | .02 |
| Leadership position | – | – | – | – | –.26 | .05 | –.36 – –.15 | –.12*** |
| Quantitative job demands T1 | .34 | .05 | .25 – .44 | .19*** | .16 | .05 | .07 – .25 | .09 |
| Role ambiguity T1 | .48 | .05 | .39 – .57 | .26*** | .31 | .05 | 22. – .40 | .17*** |
| Role conflict T1 | .80 | .06 | .69 – .92 | .33*** | .42 | .07 | .29 – .54 | .17*** |
| Workplace bullying T1 | 1.08 | .07 | .94 – 1.23 | .35*** | .70 | .08 | .55 – .86 | .23*** |
[i] Note: Bivariate relationships between job demands and turnover intentions are adjusted for age, gender, education, and leadership position.
*** p < .001; ** p < .01; * p < .05.
Table 3
Interactions between job demands and transformational leadership regarding turnover intentions in cross-sectional and prospective (T2 adjusted for turnover intentions at T1) data. Separate analysis of each interaction effect (linear regressions).
| INTERACTION | CROSS-SECTIONAL | PROSPECTIVE | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| B | SE | 95% CI | B | SE | 95% CI | |
| Quantitative job demands*transformational leadership | –.10* | .05 | –.19 – –.01 | .00 | .05 | –.09 – .09 |
| Role ambiguity*transformational leadership | –.10* | .05 | –.19 – –.01 | .01 | .05 | –.09 – .10 |
| Role conflict*transformational leadership | –.25*** | .06 | –.36 – –.14 | –.04 | .06 | –.17 – .03 |
| Workplace bullying*transformational leadership | –.01 | .07 | –.16 – .14 | –.03 | .08 | –.97 – .13 |
Figure 1
Interactive effects between job demands and transformational leadership on turnover intentions at T1.
Table 4
The impact of job demands on turnover intentions at T2, adjusted for turnover intentions at T1 (Multivariate model: R2 = .41; F = 82.49; df = 9/1084; p < 001).
| VARIABLES | BIVARIATE | MULTIVARIATE | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| B | S.E. | 95% CI B | β | B | S.E. | 95% CI B | β | |
| Age | – | – | – | – | –.01 | .00 | –.01 – –.00 | –.05* |
| Gender | – | – | – | – | –.08 | .05 | –.18 – .02 | –.04 |
| Education | – | – | – | – | .01 | .05 | –.10 – .11 | .00 |
| Leadership position | – | – | – | – | .00 | .05 | –.10 – .11 | .00 |
| Turnover intent T1 | – | – | – | – | .57 | .03 | .52 – .62 | .56*** |
| Quantitative job demands T1 | .12 | .05 | .03 – .21 | 06** | .09 | .05 | –.01 – .18 | .05 |
| Role ambiguity T1 | .09 | .05 | .00 – .18 | .05* | .06 | .05 | –.03 – .15 | .03 |
| Role conflict T1 | .21 | .06 | .09 – .33 | .08*** | .12 | .07 | –.02 – .25 | .05 |
| Workplace bullying T1 | .30 | .08 | .15 – .45 | .10*** | .20 | .08 | .06 – .36 | .07** |
[i] ***p < .001; **p < .01; *p < .05.