Table 1
Means and standard deviations for the managers in the telephone coaching (n = 9) and e-mail (n = 11) group.
| BASELINE (T1) | 1ST WORKSHOP | 2ND WORKSHOP | 3RD WORKSHOP | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| TELEPHONE COACHING | TELEPHONE COACHING | TELEPHONE COACHING | TELEPHONE COACHING | |||||
| Perceived applicability | ||||||||
| Q1 | 4.56 (0.50) | 4.41 (0.63) | 3.89 (0.32) | 4.39 (0.51)* | 3.89 (0.32) | 3.90 (0.52) | ||
| Q2 | 4.33 (0.67) | 4.41 (0.47) | 4.00 (0.47) | 4.48 (0.90) | 3.56 (0.69) | 3.72 (0.46) | ||
| Q3 | 4.56 (0.50) | 4.55 (0.89) | 4.11 (0.88) | 4.34 (1.29) | 3.89 (0.57) | 3.90 (0.52) | ||
| Readiness for change | 4.22 (0.52) | 4.43 (0.60) | 4.53 (0.42) | 4.71 (0.47) | 4.06 (0.48) | 4.58 (0.47)* | ||
| Intrinsic motivation | 5.25 (0.97) | 5.55 (0.90) | 5.19 (0.90) | 5.53 (1.14) | ||||
| Identified regulation | 5.64 (0.88) | 5.66 (1.21) | 5.33 (0.87) | 5.21 (1.27) | ||||
| External regulation | 3.17 (1.58) | 4.09 (2.05) | 3.92 (1.33) | 4.66 (1.90) | ||||
| Amotivation | 1.08 (0.24) | 1.25 (0.79) | 1.58 (1.06) | 1.35 (0.58) | ||||
| Age | 42.44 (8.53) | 42.55 (10.14) | ||||||
| Years as manager | 6.11 (6.49) | 6.73 (6.96) | ||||||
| Number of employees | 24.89 (10.65) | 23.64 (10.51) | ||||||
| Females/males | 8/1 | 8/3 | ||||||
[i] Note.
Q1 = This leadership training program provide the training content that I need for my job as a manager.
Q2 = This leadership training program will help me conduct certain tasks I am dealing with as a manager.
Q3 = The leadership training program is of practical value to me.
* Statistically significant difference between the telephone coaching group and e-mail group after the 2nd workshop.
Table 2
Means and standard deviations for the employees with managers in the telephone coaching and e-mail group.
| TELEPHONE COACHING (n = 131) | E-MAIL (n = 192) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| T1 | T2 | T3 | T4 | T1 | T2 | T3 | T4 | |
| Age | 45.43 (11.01) | 43.16 (12.37) | ||||||
| Sex (females) | 77.2% | 78.4% | ||||||
| Tenure | 9.59 (7.92) | 9.41 (8.63) | ||||||
| Years with manager | 0.86 (0.69) | 1.01 (0.91) | ||||||
| Autonomy support | 3.98 (0.84) | 3.85 (0.83) | 3.73 (0.79) | 3.86 (0.67) | 3.79 (0.79) | 3.86 (0.84) | 3.92 (0.79) | 3.90 (0.82) |
| Competence support | 3.65 (0.82) | 3.50 (0.84) | 3.48 (0.84) | 3.71 (0.70) | 3.66 (0.81) | 3.76 (0.89) | 3.73 (0.90) | 3.72 (0.86) |
| Relatedness support | 4.15 (0.75) | 3.96 (0.80) | 3.87 (0.74) | 4.15 (0.61) | 4.07 (0.85) | 4.12 (0.85) | 4.06 (0.93) | 4.10 (0.87) |
Figure 1
Overview of the study design and timeline.
Table 3
Model fit and model comparisons of the measurement invariance testing and LGCA.
| χ2 | df | p | RMSEA | 95% CI | CFI | TLI | SRMR | Δχ2 | df | p | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| LL | UL | |||||||||||
| Autonomy support | ||||||||||||
| Configural | 108.889 | 74 | .005 | .038 | .021 | .053 | .995 | .991 | .030 | |||
| Metric | 117.481 | 83 | .0076 | .036 | .019 | .050 | .995 | .992 | .030 | 11.409 | 9 | .2487 |
| Scalar | 149.035 | 116 | .021 | .030 | .012 | .043 | .995 | .995 | .031 | 31.855 | 33 | .5240 |
| Strict | 170.015 | 128 | .0077 | .032 | .017 | .044 | .993 | .994 | .036 | 27.792 | 12 | .0059 |
| Partial strict | 155.288 | 126 | .0392 | .027 | .007 | .040 | .995 | .996 | .033 | 9.559 | 10 | .4800 |
| Unconditional LGM | 174.755 | 131 | .0064 | .032 | .018 | .044 | .993 | .994 | .039 | |||
| Conditional LGM | 187.873 | 145 | .0096 | .030 | .016 | .042 | .993 | .994 | .042 | |||
| Competence support | ||||||||||||
| Configural | 89.418 | 74 | .107 | .025 | .000 | .043 | .998 | .996 | .025 | |||
| Metric | 99.096 | 83 | .1098 | .025 | .000 | .041 | .997 | .996 | .026 | 11.263 | 9 | .2581 |
| Scalar | 132.318 | 116 | .1427 | .021 | .000 | .036 | .997 | .997 | .027 | 32.951 | 33 | .4697 |
| Strict | 153.890 | 128 | .1592 | .025 | .000 | .038 | .996 | .996 | .033 | 23.763 | 12 | .0219 |
| Partial strict | 141.475 | 126 | .1637 | .019 | .000 | .035 | .998 | .998 | .029 | 11.319 | 10 | .3332 |
| Unconditional LGM | 162.845 | 131 | .0309 | .027 | .009 | .040 | .995 | .995 | .036 | |||
| Conditional LGM | 184.677 | 145 | .0145 | .029 | .014 | .041 | .994 | .994 | .040 | |||
| Relatedness support | ||||||||||||
| Configural | 11.815 | 79 | .0089 | .036 | .019 | .050 | .996 | .993 | .023 | |||
| Metric | 122.502 | 88 | .0089 | .035 | .018 | .049 | .995 | .994 | .024 | 13.842 | 9 | .1280 |
| Scalar | 152.137 | 120 | .0252 | .029 | .011 | .042 | .996 | .996 | .027 | 37.038 | 32 | .2477 |
| Strict | 167.283 | 132 | .0205 | .029 | .012 | .041 | .995 | .996 | .031 | 21.397 | 12 | .0449 |
| Partial strict | 161.605 | 131 | .0358 | .027 | .008 | .040 | .996 | .996 | .029 | 15.064 | 11 | .1796 |
| Unconditional LGM | 174.755 | 131 | .0064 | .032 | .018 | .044 | .993 | .994 | .039 | |||
| Conditional LGM | 199.518 | 155 | .0092 | .030 | .016 | .041 | .994 | .994 | .042 | |||