Table 1
Frequencies (n and %) of background variables in the NEED group.
| n | % | |
|---|---|---|
| BACKGROUND | ||
| Gender (n = 2955) | ||
| Men | 1568 | 53.1 |
| Women | 1387 | 46.9 |
| Parents’ highest education level (n = 2955) | ||
| Elementary | 282 | 9.5 |
| Secondary | 1703 | 57.6 |
| Post-secondary | 968 | 32.8 |
| Unknown | 2 | 0.1 |
| Parents’ country of birth (n = 2955) | ||
| Both born in Sweden | 1988 | 67.3 |
| One born abroad | 454 | 15.4 |
| Both born abroad | 513 | 17.4 |
| Municipality (n = 2955) | ||
| Metropolitan | 342 | 11.6 |
| Larger cities | 915 | 31.0 |
| Suburban | 428 | 14.5 |
| Rural | 218 | 7.4 |
| Others | 1052 | 35.6 |
| Graduation year (n = 2934) | ||
| 2001–2005 | 696 | 23.6 |
| 2006–2010 | 1566 | 53.0 |
| 2011 | 672 | 22.7 |
| Programme (n = 2955) | ||
| National | 1431 | 48.4 |
| Special designed | 576 | 19.5 |
| Vocational training | 352 | 11.9 |
| Training activities | 100 | 3.4 |
| Incomplete grades | 496 | 16.8 |
| Programme Specialization (n = 2955)* | ||
| Hotel & restaurant (N) | 287 | 9.7 |
| Agriculture (N) | 162 | 5.5 |
| No specialization (SD) | 146 | 4.9 |
| Industrial (N) | 143 | 4.8 |
| Business & administration (N) | 142 | 4.8 |
| Other specialization (SD) | 96 | 3.2 |
| Vehicle and transportation (N) | 68 | 2.3 |
| Other specialization (N) | 65 | 2.2 |
| Arts (N) | 65 | 2.2 |
| Health care & nursing (SD) | 63 | 2.1 |
| Media (N) | 51 | 1.7 |
| Hotel & restaurant (SD) | 46 | 1.6 |
| Business & administration (SD) | 40 | 1.4 |
| Health care & nursing (N) | 40 | 1.4 |
| Handicrafts (N) | 36 | 1.2 |
| Property & environment (N) | 33 | 1.1 |
| Industrial (SD) | 29 | 1.0 |
| Media (SD) | 25 | 0.8 |
| Arts (SD) | 24 | 0.8 |
| Vehicle & transportation (SD) | 16 | 0.5 |
| No specialization (N) | 15 | 0.5 |
| Agriculture (SD) | 12 | 0.4 |
| Handicrafts (SD) | 9 | 0.3 |
[i] Note.* (N) = National programmes. (SD) = Special designed programmes.
Table 2
Frequencies (%) of financial support and LSS services in the NEED group. Presented for men, women and total NEED group. Chi-square values (χ²) presented as Yates’ correction for continuity, except for LSS 3 groups, which is presented as Pearson chi-square. Total n = 2955 for each independent variable.
| Men | Women | Total | χ² | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| FINANCIAL SUPPORT | |||||
| Long-term subsidies | |||||
| No | 34.9 | 34.0 | 34.5 | .241(n.s) | |
| Yes | 65.1 | 66.0 | 65.5 | ||
| Labour market involvement | |||||
| No | 64.0 | 67.8 | 65.8 | 4.590 | * |
| Yes | 36.0 | 32.2 | 34.2 | ||
| Parental benefits | |||||
| No | 99.6 | 85.6 | 93.0 | 218.449 | *** |
| Yes | 0.4 | 14.4 | 7.0 | ||
| Social assistance | |||||
| No | 71.0 | 70.4 | 70.7 | .132(n.s) | |
| Yes | 29.0 | 29.6 | 29.3 | ||
| All subsidies | |||||
| No subsidies | 4.9 | 2.7 | 3.9 | 9.388 | ** |
| Has subsidies | 95.1 | 97.3 | 96.1 | ||
| LSS SERVICES | |||||
| LSS-3 groups | |||||
| No LSS | 83.0 | 84.1 | 83.5 | 1.001(n.s) | |
| 1–2 LSS | 16.8 | 15.7 | 16.3 | ||
| 3–5 LSS | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.2 | ||
| Subsidies + LSS | |||||
| No subsidies or LSS | 4.6 | 2.5 | 3.6 | 9.141 | ** |
| Receives subsidies and/or LSS | 95.4 | 97.5 | 96.4 |
[i] ***p < 0.001, **p < 0.01, *p < 0.05.
Table 3
Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses with the dependent variable NEED versus other occupations. Results are presented in odds ratios.
| Bivariate | Multivariate | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | ||||||
| BACKGROUND | ||||||||
| Gender | ||||||||
| Men (ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||
| Women | 1.32 | *** | 2.66 | *** | 2.01 | *** | ||
| Parents’ highest education level | ||||||||
| Elementary | 1.13 | 1.10 | 1.06 | |||||
| Secondary (ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||
| Post-secondary | 1.08 | 1.07 | 1.01 | |||||
| Parents’ country of birth | ||||||||
| Both born in Swe (ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||
| One born abroad | 1.20 | ** | 1.03 | 1.10 | ||||
| Both born abroad | 1.10 | 0.92 | 0.97 | |||||
| Municipality | ||||||||
| Metropolitan | 0.89 | 1.05 | 1.11 | |||||
| Larger cities | 0.80 | *** | 0.81 | *** | 0.87 | * | ||
| Suburban | 0.78 | *** | 0.84 | * | 0.84 | * | ||
| Rural | 1.02 | 1.09 | 0.99 | |||||
| Other (ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||
| Programme | ||||||||
| National (ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||
| Special designed | 0.79 | *** | 0.80 | *** | 0.79 | ** | ||
| Vocational training | 0.32 | *** | 0.44 | *** | 1.10 | |||
| Training activities | 0.21 | *** | 0.30 | *** | 0.88 | |||
| Incomplete grades | 1.66 | *** | 1.64 | *** | 1.75 | *** | ||
| FINANCIAL SUPPORT | ||||||||
| Long-term subsidies | ||||||||
| No (ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||
| Yes | 0.72 | *** | 1.99 | *** | 8.65 | *** | ||
| Labour market involvement | ||||||||
| No (ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||
| Yes | 5.93 | *** | 6.76 | *** | 4.21 | *** | ||
| Parental benefits | ||||||||
| No (ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||
| Yes | 3.42 | *** | 3.89 | *** | 1.97 | *** | ||
| Social assistance | ||||||||
| No (ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||
| Yes | 5.66 | *** | 4.67 | *** | 4.54 | *** | ||
| LSS SERVICES | ||||||||
| LSS-3 groups | ||||||||
| No LSS (ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||
| 1–2 LSS | 0.14 | *** | 0.10 | *** | ||||
| 3–5 LSS | 0.00 | *** | 0.00 | *** | ||||
| Chi² | (13,N = 1004) =923.94 | *** | (4,N = 11990) =1859.52 | *** | (19,N = 10041) =3858.72 | *** | ||
[i] ***p < 0.001, **p < 0.01, *p < 0.05.
Note: Parents’ highest education level-unknown category removed due to small number.
Figure 1
Graduating classes from 2004–2011 and proportions that are NEED over time in the HURPID database.