
Figure 1
Evolution of hybrid journals, 2014–2023
Table 1
Evolution of hybrid journals, 2014–2023
| Year | Hybrid journals |
|---|---|
| 2014 | 294 |
| 2015 | 380 |
| 2016 | 487 |
| 2017 | 444 |
| 2018 | 531 |
| 2019 | 1,192 |
| 2020 | 3,226 |
| 2021 | 4,148 |
| 2022 | 4,061 |
| 2023 | 4,106 |
[i] Source: GitLab.UB

Figure 2
Cartography of no‑fee indexed journals, n=17,855
Sources and dates of extraction: DOAJ June 18, 2025; AJOL June 18, 2025; JUFO June 17, 2025; LATINDEX May 27, 2025; SCIELO May 28, 2025; REDALYC May 28, 2025; BIBLAT May 27, 2025; WoS & SCOPUS (through SSIE‑UNAM) July 8, 2025
Table 2
No‑fee indexed journals by source (collection), n=17,855
| Curated journal collection | Journals |
|---|---|
| DOAJ | 13,950 |
| AJOL | 810 |
| JUFO | 161 |
| LATINDEX | 1,631 |
| SCIELO | 697 |
| REDALYC | 270 |
| BIBLAT | 18 |
| WoS‑Scopus | 318 |
| TOTAL | 17,855 |
[i] Sources and dates of extraction: DOAJ June 18, 2025; AJOL June 18, 2025; JUFO June 17, 2025; LATINDEX May 27, 2025; SCIELO May 28, 2025; REDALYC May 28, 2025; BIBLAT May 27, 2025; WoS & SCOPUS (through SSIE‑UNAM) July 8, 2025
Table 3
Indexed diamond journals by country, n=17,855
| Country | N | Country | N | Country | N |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Brazil | 1,836 | Austria | 53 | Tunisia | 7 |
| Spain | 1,385 | Ethiopia | 52 | Mongolia | 7 |
| Indonesia | 1,340 | Kenya | 50 | Iceland | 7 |
| Poland | 726 | Belgium | 48 | Libya | 7 |
| Argentina | 638 | Slovakia | 46 | Oman | 6 |
| United States | 630 | Bosnia & Herzegovina | 45 | Montenegro | 6 |
| Iran | 592 | Algeria | 44 | Angola | 5 |
| Colombia | 579 | Singapore | 44 | Brunei | 5 |
| Russia | 560 | Ghana | 40 | Congo ‑ Kinshasa | 5 |
| Turkey | 545 | Tanzania | 38 | Senegal | 4 |
| Mexico | 518 | Paraguay | 38 | Israel | 4 |
| United Kingdom | 508 | Panama | 37 | Yemen | 4 |
| Italy | 469 | Bolivia | 36 | Eswatini | 3 |
| Ecuador | 347 | Morocco | 35 | Burkina Faso | 3 |
| Chile | 331 | Iraq | 33 | Kyrgyzstan | 3 |
| Romania | 326 | Moldova | 33 | Palestinian Territories | 3 |
| France | 297 | Japan | 33 | Mauritius | 3 |
| South Africa | 297 | Thailand | 30 | Malawi | 3 |
| Peru | 280 | Philippines | 28 | Côte d’Ivoire | 3 |
| Germany | 279 | Nepal | 28 | Botswana | 3 |
| India | 265 | Greece | 27 | Gambia | 2 |
| Nigeria | 262 | Guatemala | 25 | Malta | 2 |
| Ukraine | 259 | Sri Lanka | 25 | Congo ‑ Brazzaville | 2 |
| Portugal | 199 | Nicaragua | 24 | Afghanistan | 2 |
| Finland | 191 | Estonia | 23 | Sudan | 2 |
| Serbia | 190 | Saudi Arabia | 21 | Jordan | 2 |
| Canada | 180 | Taiwan | 20 | Luxembourg | 2 |
| Cuba | 175 | Belarus | 20 | Zambia | 2 |
| Croatia | 155 | Ireland | 20 | South Sudan | 2 |
| Czechia | 139 | Uganda | 20 | Bhutan | 1 |
| Venezuela | 123 | New Zealand | 20 | Guadeloupe | 1 |
| Netherlands | 117 | El Salvador | 16 | Syria | 1 |
| Norway | 114 | Hong Kong SAR China | 16 | Bahrain | 1 |
| China | 111 | Puerto Rico | 16 | Uzbekistan | 1 |
| Costa Rica | 110 | Bangladesh | 16 | Togo | 1 |
| South Korea | 103 | Dominican Republic | 16 | Kuwait | 1 |
| Switzerland | 98 | Qatar | 15 | Trinidad & Tobago | 1 |
| Pakistan | 93 | North Macedonia | 14 | Burundi | 1 |
| Hungary | 92 | Vietnam | 14 | Eritrea | 1 |
| Egypt | 88 | Zimbabwe | 13 | Azerbaijan | 1 |
| Australia | 84 | Honduras | 11 | Lesotho | 1 |
| Slovenia | 81 | Cameroon | 11 | Benin | 1 |
| Malaysia | 80 | Armenia | 11 | Turkmenistan | 1 |
| Lithuania | 79 | Kazakhstan | 10 | Tajikistan | 1 |
| Internacionales | 67 | Latvia | 10 | Sierra Leone | 1 |
| Uruguay | 64 | Georgia | 9 | Barbados | 1 |
| Bulgaria | 59 | Rwanda | 9 | Mali | 1 |
| Denmark | 53 | Albania | 8 | Lebanon | 1 |
| Sweden | 53 | United Arab Emirates | 8 | Unidentifiable country | 301 |
| GRAND TOTAL | 17,855 | ||||
[i] Sources and dates of extraction: DOAJ June 18, 2025; AJOL June 18, 2025; JUFO June 17, 2025; LATINDEX May 27, 2025; SCIELO May 28, 2025; REDALYC May 28, 2025; BIBLAT May 27, 2025; WoS & SCOPUS (through SSIE‑UNAM) July 8, 2025
Table 4
Journals excluded, by platform n=276
| Platform | Q | % |
|---|---|---|
| DOAJ | 196 | 71.00% |
| AJOL | 2 | 0.70% |
| JUFO | 3 | 1.10% |
| LATINDEX | 22 | 8.00% |
| SCIELO | 32 | 11.60% |
| WOS‑SCOPUS | 21 | 7.60% |
| TOTAL | 276 | 100.00% |
Table 5
Number of active university portals per country, n=741
| Country | Number of portals | % Portals |
|---|---|---|
| BRAZIL | 264 | 35.6% |
| COLOMBIA | 98 | 13.2% |
| ARGENTINA | 93 | 12.6% |
| PERU | 59 | 8.0% |
| MEXICO | 52 | 7.0% |
| CHILE | 40 | 5.4% |
| ECUADOR | 35 | 4.7% |
| VENEZUELA | 17 | 2.3% |
| BOLIVIA | 14 | 1.9% |
| CUBA | 12 | 1.6% |
| PARAGUAY | 11 | 1.5% |
| URUGUAY | 10 | 1.3% |
| COSTA RICA | 10 | 1.3% |
| PANAMA | 9 | 1.2% |
| EL SALVADOR | 5 | 0.7% |
| GUATEMALA | 5 | 0.7% |
| NICARAGUA | 4 | 0.5% |
| HONDURAS | 2 | 0.3% |
| PUERTO RICO | 1 | 0.1% |
| GRAND TOTAL | 741 | 100.0% |
Table 6
Number of active titles published per university portal, by country n=10,823
| Country | N Journals | % Journals |
|---|---|---|
| BRAZIL | 5,710 | 52.8 |
| ARGENTINA | 1,146 | 10.6 |
| COLOMBIA | 993 | 9.2 |
| MEXICO | 837 | 7.7 |
| CHILE | 447 | 4.1 |
| PERU | 439 | 4.1 |
| VENEZUELA | 322 | 3.0 |
| ECUADOR | 233 | 2.2 |
| BOLIVIA | 135 | 1.2 |
| COSTA RICA | 114 | 1.1 |
| GUATEMALA | 83 | 0.8 |
| PANAMA | 80 | 0.7 |
| PARAGUAY | 79 | 0.7 |
| CUBA | 55 | 0.5 |
| URUGUAY | 49 | 0.5 |
| EL SALVADOR | 32 | 0.3 |
| NICARAGUA | 27 | 0.2 |
| PUERTO RICO | 27 | 0.2 |
| HONDURAS | 15 | 0.1 |
| GRAND TOTAL | 10,823 | 100.0 |
Table 7
Number of journals by type of university, n=10,823
| Type of university | N Journals | % Journals |
|---|---|---|
| PUBLIC UNIVERSITY | 6,613 | 62.9 |
| PRIVATE UNIVERSITY | 4,210 | 37.1 |
| GRAND TOTAL | 10,823 | 100.0 |
Table 8
Top 10 universities by portal and number of journals included n=46
| University | Number of portals | Number of journals |
|---|---|---|
| UNIVERSIDAD DE BUENOS AIRES | 5 | 236 |
| UNIVERSIDADE DE SÃO PAULO (USP) | 4 | 230 |
| UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL AUTÓNOMA DE MÉXICO | 5 | 203 |
| UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE LA PLATA | 7 | 110 |
| UNIVERSIDAD DE CHILE | 3 | 109 |
| UNIVERSIDAD DE SAN CARLOS DE GUATEMALA | 3 | 68 |
| UNIVERSIDADE ESTADUAL PAULISTA ‘JÚLIO DE MESQUITA FILHO’ (UNESP) | 7 | 56 |
| UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DE MINAS GERAIS (UFMG) | 3 | 46 |
| UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE MAR DEL PLATA | 4 | 42 |
| UNIVERSIDAD DE LA REPÚBLICA | 5 | 34 |
| GRAND TOTAL | 46 | 1,134 |
