Table 1
Characteristics of boys and children’s homes (N=60)
| Home1 | Home2 | Home3 | Total | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number of study participants | n=20 | n=20 | n=20 | N=60 |
| Average age of participants, years (SD) F(p-value) | 11.05 ± 0.70 | 11.75 ± 0.57 | 11.15 ± 0.58 | 11.20± 0.66 1.021(0.366) |
| Height(cm) F(p-value) | 140.77±5.5 | 138.8 ± 6.4 | 140.05±6.09 | 139.87±5.97 0.551(0.579) |
| Weight(kg) F(p-value) | 34.52± 7.43 | 33.79 ± 7.38 | 33.51 ±6.57 | 33.94±7.03 0.105(0.900) |
| BMI (kg/m2) F(p-value) | 17.29 ± 2.91 | 17.43 ± 3.03 | 16.98 ±2.45 | 17.23±2.77 0.137(0.871) |
| Participants age category, years N(%) | ||||
| 10 | 5 (25) | 1 (5) | 3 (15) | 9 (15) |
| 11 | 9 (45) | 11 (55) | 11(55) | 31 (52) |
| 12 | 6 (30) | 8 (40) | 6 (30) | 20 (33) |
| Average duration of stay, years (SD) | 4.35 ± 1.59 | 3.90 ± 1.51 | 4.55 ± 2.01 | 4.26 ± 1.71 |
| Participants length of stay category, years N(%) | ||||
| < 5 years | 13(65) | 14(70) | 11(55) | 38(63) |
| > 5 years | 7 (35) | 6 (30) | 9 (45) | 22(37) |
| Participants orphan status N(%) | ||||
| Double orphan | 2 (10) | 3 (15) | 2 (10) | 7(12) |
| Single orphan | 12(60) | 10(50) | 13(65) | 35(58) |
| Social orphan | 6 (30) | 7 (35) | 5 (25) | 18(30) |
| Outdoor play area sufficient for all activities, including running (by warden report)? (Y/N) | Y | Y | Y | |
| Outdoor demarcated sport area? (volley ball, basketball) (Y/N) | N | N | Y | |
| Indoor board games | Y | Y | Y | |
| Fixed Park equipment | Y | Y | N | |
| Child discretion allowed in choosing outdoors or indoors? (Y/N) | Y | Y | N | |
| Outdoor play frequency N(%) | ||||
| Daily | 0(0) | 2(10) | 20(100) | 22(37) |
| Less than daily | 20(100) | 18(90) | 0(0) | 38(63) |
| Outdoor play time at least 60 min/day | ||||
| Yes | 2(0) | 4(20) | 20(100) | 26(43) |
| No | 18(90) | 16(80) | 0(0) | 34(57) |
| Time spent playing outdoors/day N(%) | ||||
| T≤ ½ hour | 17(85) | 13(65) | 0(0) | 30(50) |
| ½ hour < T ≤ 1 hour | 3(15) | 7(35) | 18(90) | 28(47) |
| T > 1 hour | 0(0) | 0(0) | 2(10) | 2 (3) |
| Activity participation during scheduled outdoor play time N(%) | ||||
| Only one activity type (free play/ team sports) | 9(45) 8(40)/1(5) | 12(60) 9(45)/3(15) | 9(45) 4(20)/5(25) | 30(50) 21(35)/9(15) |
| Mixed | 1(5) | 4(20) | 11(55) | 16(27) |
| Play on fixed equipment | 3(15) | 1(5) | 0(0) | 4(7) |
| Sedentary (hang out with friends) | 2(10) | 0 (0) | 0(0) | 2(3) |
| Stay indoors | 5(25) | 3(15) | 0(0) | 8(13) |
[i] Note. Values are presented as mean standard deviation or number (%). BMI, body mass index
Table 2
Hand grip strength and hand dexterity (gross motor & fine motor) of boys across three children’s homes
| Home1 | Home2 | Home3 | F (P value) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hand Grip Strength | DHGS | 15.35 ± 1.86 | 15.70 ± 1.46 | 16.72 ± 1.10a, b | 4.572 (0.014)* |
| NDHGS | 13.89 ± 2.05 | 14.80 ± 1.67 | 15.95 ± 0.85a, b | 8.313 (<0.001)** | |
| Gross hand manual dexterity | BBT-R | 53.35 ± 7.37 | 58.20 ± 4.94 | 61.05 ± 6.27a, b | 7.683 (0.0011)* |
| BBT-L | 48.45 ± 7.47 | 53.60 ± 5.95 | 59.00 ± 6.71a, b | 12.232 (<0.001)** | |
| Fine hand manual dexterity | PPT-R | 12.50 ± 1.73 | 13.05 ± 2.35 | 14.75 ± 1.80a, b | 7.011 (0.0018)* |
| PPT-L | 11.50 ± 1.14 | 12.01 ± 0.91 | 13.25 ± 2.11a, b | 10.070 (<0.001)** | |
| PPT-B | 15.00 ± 2.71 | 18.60 ± 3.11a | 22.05 ± 3.17a, b | 27.469 (<0.001)** | |
| PPT-A | 8.05 ± 2.60 | 9.95 ± 2.13a | 11.40 ± 1.72a, b | 29.088 (<0.001)** | |
Notes. Values are presented as mean standard ± deviation.
DHGS, dominant hand grip strength: NDHGS, non-dominant hand grip strength; BBT, box and block test; PPT, Purdue peg board test; L, left hand; R, right hand; B, both hands; A, assembly task
Figure 1
Comparison of hand grip strength
Figure 2
Comparison of hand dexterity test performance