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Total anomalous pulmonary venous connection – prenatal echocardiography and neonatal follow-up Cover

Total anomalous pulmonary venous connection – prenatal echocardiography and neonatal follow-up

Open Access
|Apr 2025

Figures & Tables

Fig. 1.

Situs inversus with levocardia during prenatal screening at 24.2 weeks of gestation
Situs inversus with levocardia during prenatal screening at 24.2 weeks of gestation

Fig. 2.

Abnormal vessel found during prenatal ultrasound screening at 24.2 weeks of gestation
Abnormal vessel found during prenatal ultrasound screening at 24.2 weeks of gestation

Fig. 3.

Abnormal vessel in 3D presentation at 24.2 weeks of gestation
Abnormal vessel in 3D presentation at 24.2 weeks of gestation

Fig. 4.

Fetal ultrasound image showing an abnormal vessel with typical venous flow of blood – no increased velocity until the 37th week of pregnancy. Ultrasound image from examination at 21.3 weeks of gestation
Fetal ultrasound image showing an abnormal vessel with typical venous flow of blood – no increased velocity until the 37th week of pregnancy. Ultrasound image from examination at 21.3 weeks of gestation

Fig. 5.

Fetal ultrasound image showing an abnormal vessel. Ultrasound image from examination at 21.3 weeks of gestation
Fetal ultrasound image showing an abnormal vessel. Ultrasound image from examination at 21.3 weeks of gestation

Fig. 6.

3D representation of the fetus during ultrasound examination at 24.2 weeks of gestation
3D representation of the fetus during ultrasound examination at 24.2 weeks of gestation

Fig. 7.

Postnatal ultrasound of a neonate showing a vessel with flow characteristics typical of blood flow restriction
Postnatal ultrasound of a neonate showing a vessel with flow characteristics typical of blood flow restriction

Fig. 8.

Postnatal ultrasound of a neonate with measurement of an atypical vessel
Postnatal ultrasound of a neonate with measurement of an atypical vessel

Fig. 9.

Angio-CT of the heart of a newborn with the collector described in prenatal examination reports
Angio-CT of the heart of a newborn with the collector described in prenatal examination reports

Fig. 10.

X-ray chest of a neonate on the 1st day of postnatal life showing uniformly aerated lungs with some interstitial densities
X-ray chest of a neonate on the 1st day of postnatal life showing uniformly aerated lungs with some interstitial densities

Comparison of prenatal and postnatal echocardiographic diagnosis

Prenatal diagnosisPostnatal diagnosis

Situs inversusSitus inversus
LevocardiaLevocardia
ASDASD
Infracardiac-type TAPVCInfracardiac-type TAPVC
SVSV
Hypoplastic aortic archHypoplastic aortic arch / CoA
IAAIAA
Hypoplastic left ventricle and small LAHLHS
Common AVCommon AV
Missed l-TGA as part of prenatal diagnosisl-TGA
No AV valve regurgitationAV valve regurgitation

Basic ultrasound parameters in three examinations in the analyzed fetus

Selected parametersUltrasound and echocardiographic examination at 24.2 weeks of gestation (LMP)Ultrasound and echocardiographic examination at 30.5 weeks of gestation (LMP)Ultrasound and echocardiographic examination at 37.3 weeks of gestation (LMP)
EFW [g]589 (6th centile)1511 (17th centile)3044 (54st centile)
CVPS10/1010/1010/10
Fetal positionCephalicBreechBreech
Placental thickness [mm]23 (normal range up to 40 mm)40 (normal range up to 40 mm)40 (normal range up to 40 mm)
AFI [cm]20 (normal range: 5–25)16 (normal range: 5–25)16 (normal range: 5–25)
AP [mm]23 (around 50th percentile)29 (around 50th percentile)29 (around 50th percentile)
PA [mm]4.5 (Z-score = 0.10)7.2 (Z-score = 1.57)7.2 (Z-score = −0.91)
AO [mm]2.6 (Z-score = −3.18)3.3 (Z-score = −3.60)3.3 (Z-score = −5.99)
DOI: https://doi.org/10.15557/jou.2025.0012 | Journal eISSN: 2451-070X | Journal ISSN: 2084-8404
Language: English
Submitted on: Aug 4, 2024
Accepted on: Jan 20, 2025
Published on: Apr 16, 2025
Published by: MEDICAL COMMUNICATIONS Sp. z o.o.
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Publication frequency: 4 issues per year

© 2025 Sławomir Witkowski, Jerzy Węgrzynowski, Michał Krekora, Iwona Maroszyńska, Anna Mazurek-Kula, Piotr Grzelak, Katarzyna Januszewska, Iwona Strzelecka, Maria Respondek-Liberska, published by MEDICAL COMMUNICATIONS Sp. z o.o.
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 License.