Fig. 1.
Fig. 2.
Clinical characteristics of study population
| Characteristic | N = 41 mean (SD), median | Frequency (%) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Sex: male | 23 | 56.1 | |
| Mean age | 48.39 (16.56) | ||
| Comorbidities | Hypertension | 34 | 82.9 |
| Diabetes | 11 | 26.6 | |
| Smoking | 3 | 7.3 | |
| Obesity | 3 | 7.3 | |
| HIV | 5 | 12.2 | |
| Number of prior fistulas (0 : 1) | (32 : 9) | 78 : 22 | |
| Mean weight (SD), kg | 69.67 (13.85) | ||
| Mean BMI (SD), kg/m2 | 24.60 (4.21) | ||
| Median dialysis vintage (IQR), months | 16.00 (8–32) | ||
| Mean dialysis vintage (SD), months | 23.60 (22.40) | ||
| Mean AVF age (SD), months | 20.25 (18.62) | ||
| Fistula type | Radiocephalic | 31 | 75.6 |
| Brachiocephalic | 10 | 24.4 | |
Hemodynamic characteristics
| Characteristic | N = 41, frequency (%) |
|---|---|
| Mean artery PSV (SD), cm/s | 131.26 (51.98) |
| Mean RI (SD) | 0.43 (0.08) |
| RI <0.5 | 37 (90.2%) |
| Mean anastomosis PSV (SD), cm/s | 248.29 (103.81) |
| Mean flow volume (SD), ml/min | 680.47 (365.98) |
| Low flow volume | 14 (34.1%) |
Univariate analysis of factors associated with low flow volume
| Low flow volume | p | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Yes (n = 14) | No (n = 27) | ||
| Male | 9 (64.3%) | 14 (51.9%) | 0.447 |
| Mean age (SD) | 55.14 (16.61) | 44.89 (15.71) | 0.059 |
| Mean BMI (SD) | 25.30 (4.15) | 24.35 (4.27) | 0.468 |
| No prior fistula on limb | 12 (85.7%) | 20 (74.1%) | 0.692 |
| Radiocephalic AVF | 11 (78.6%) | 20 (74.1%) | 1.000 |
| Diabetes | 8 (57.1%) | 3 (11.1%) | 0.003 |
| Hypertension | 12 (85.7%) | 22 (81.5%) | 1.000 |
| HIV | 0 (0%) | 5 (18.5%) | 0.146 |
| Mean dialysis vintage (SD), months | 19.64 (18.23) | 25.67 (24.35) | 0.421 |
| Mean AVF age (SD), months | 14.08 (9.08) | 23.22 (21.30) | 0.148 |
| Mean RI (SD) | 0.44 (0.08) | 0.42 (0.03) | 0.557 |
| Reverse flow | 5 (35.7%) | 14 (51.9%) | 0.616 |
| Aneurysm | 4 (28.6%) | 18 (66.7%) | 0.026 |
| Venous luminal flaps | 0 (0%) | 9 (33.3%) | 0.013 |
| Thrombosis | 1 (7.1%) | 6 (22.2%) | 0.389 |
| Stenosis | 9 (64.3%) | 14 (51.9%) | 0.447 |
Prevalence of vascular modifications
| N = 41, frequency (%) | ||
|---|---|---|
| Stenosed fistulas | 23 (56.1) | |
| Stenosis criteria | Ratio >PSV 3 : 1 | 6 (14.6) |
| PSV >375 cm/s | 18 (43.9) | |
| Ratio >Diameter 2 : 1 | 3 (7.3) | |
| Aneurysm | 22 (53.7) | |
| Reverse flow | 21 (51.2) | |
| Venous luminal flaps | 9 (22) | |
| Thrombosis | 7 (17.1) | |
| Venous wall calcifications | 2 (4.9) | |
| Perivascular hematoma | 1 (2.4) | |
| AVFs with vascular abnormality | 32 (78.05) | |