Fig. 1.
Fig. 2.
Breast cancer patient demographics (n = 6)
| Characteristic | n (%) |
|---|---|
| Age at diagnosis: mean (range) | 58 (43–69) y |
| Surgery | |
| • Lumpectomy | 4 (67%) |
| • Mastectomy | 2 (33%) |
| Adjuvant radiation therapy | 4 (67%) |
| Adjuvant chemotherapy | 2 (33%) |
| Stage | |
| • I | 4 (67%) |
| • II | 2 (33%) |
| Duration on AI: 1 mean (range) | 13.2 (4–20) months |
Results from grayscale and power Doppler ultrasound imaging of the hands and wrists
| Clinical site and finding | Control | AI | p-value a |
|---|---|---|---|
| MCP joints | |||
| • Increased joint fluid | 0/7 (0%) | 2/6 (33%) | 0.19 |
| • Hyperemia | 0/7 (0%) | 2/6 (33%) | 0.19 |
| • Cortical irregularity | 0/7 (0%) | 0/6 (0%) | n/a |
| • All above negative | 7/7 (100%) | 4/6 (67%) | 0.19 |
| Wrists | |||
| • Increased joint fluid | 1/7 (14%) | 3/6 (50%) | 0.27 |
| • Hyperemia | 0/7 (0%) | 1/6 (17%) | 0.46 |
| • Cortical irregularity | 0/7 (0%) | 1/6 (17%) | 0.46 |
| • All above negative | 6/7 (86%) | 3/6 (50%) | 0.27 |
| Flexor & extensor tendons | |||
| • Increased Tenosynovial fluid | 0/7 (0%) | 3/6 (50%) | 0.07 |
| • Hyperemia | 0/7 (0%) | 3/6 (50%) | 0.07 |
| • All above negative | 7/7 (100%) | 3/6 (50%) | 0.07 |
| Median nerve | |||
| • Hyperemia | 0/7 (0%) | 1/6 (17%) | 0.46 |
| • Symptomatic | 0/7 (0%) | 3/6 (50%) | 0.07 |
| • Bifid | 0/7 (0%) | 3/6 (50%) | 0.07 |
| • All above negative | 7/7 (100%) | 2/6 (33%) | 0.02 |
Velocity determined by shear wave elastography (SWE) a
| Imaqe location | AI | CL | Model 1 b | Model 2 c | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | median (IQR) | n | median (IQR) | beta | p | beta | p | |
| 1st Extensor compartment (long axis) d,e | 5 | 8.52 (7.45–10.26) | 5 | 5.70 (4.84–7.14) | 3.57 | 0.001 | 3.40 | 0.003 |
| 1st Extensor compartment (short axis) f,e | 4 | 5.51 (5.42–7.89) | 4 | 4.37 (3.71–5.34) | 2.28 | 0.061 | 2.79 | 0.036 |
| 2nd Extensor compartment (short axis) e | 4 | 5.36 (4.69–6.67) | 4 | 4.99 (3.94–6.09) | 0.53 | 0.586 | 0.69 | 0.445 |
| 4th Extensor compartment (long axis) e | 5 | 7.12 (6.78–7.94) | 7 | 5.82 (5.14–7.76) | 1.42 | 0.014 | 1.20 | 0.039 |
| 6th Extensor compartment (long axis) | 5 | 9.53 (7.78–12.95) | 6 | 9.32 (8.09–11.5) | 1.15 | 0.441 | 1.12 | 0.456 |
| 2nd MCP (radial dorsal image) g | 6 | 5.86 (4.78–6.39) | 5 | 4.78 (4.39–5.00) | 0.84 | 0.220 | 0.75 | 0.276 |
| 3rd MCP (radial dorsal image) | 6 | 6.37 (5.09–8.31) | 5 | 4.60 (3.81–4.61) | 2.79 | 0.002 | 1.89 | 0.008 |
| 5th MCP (ulnar dorsal image) h | 5 | 5.22 (4.68–6.55) | 5 | 4.61 (4.28–4.80) | 1.12 | 0.093 | 1.16 | 0.083 |
| Median nerve | 6 | 4.60 (4.29–4.88) | 7 | 4.89 (3.46–6.20) | –0.68 | 0.549 | –0.80 | 0.183 |
| Volar flexors (long axis) | 6 | 8.31 (6.47–8.93) | 7 | 8.76 (7.41–9.82) | –0.07 | 0.956 | –0.12 | 0.927 |
| Extensor compartments pooled (long axis) i | 5 | 8.83 (7.57–10.26) | 7 | 7.44 (5.82–11.6) | 1.62 | 0.044 | 1.74 | 0.040 |
| Extensor compartments pooled (short axis) j | 4 | 5.73 (5.26–5.95) | 4 | 5.13 (4.11–5.44) | 1.40 | 0.035 | 1.40 | 0.032 |
| Synovial fluid complexes of the MCP joints pooled k | 6 | 5.46 (5.09–6.34) | 5 | 4.80 (4.28–4.94) | 1.73 | 0.002 | 1.30 | 0.011 |
| Volar flexors pooled (long + short axis) l | 6 | 8.76 (7.41–9.82) | 7 | 8.76 (7.41–9.82) | –0.09 | 0.941 | 0.07 | 0.952 |