Figure 1
Figure 2
Figure 3
Figure 4
Figure 5
Figure 6
Figure 7
Figure 8
Figure 9
Figure 10
Figure 11
Figure 12
Figure 13
Figure 14
Figure 15
Figure 16
Percentage of constituents of concrete for different mixes
| S.N | Mix | Proportion | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cement | Fine aggregate | CA | ||||
| OPC | MK | NS | CS | |||
| 1 | CC | 100 | 0 | 100 | — | 100 |
| 2 | CS10 | 100 | 0 | 90 | 10 | 100 |
| 3 | CS20 | 100 | 0 | 80 | 20 | 100 |
| 4 | CS30 | 100 | 0 | 70 | 30 | 100 |
| 5 | CS40 | 100 | 0 | 60 | 40 | 100 |
| 6 | MK5CS30 | 95 | 5 | 70 | 30 | 100 |
| 7 | MK10CS30 | 90 | 10 | 70 | 30 | 100 |
| 8 | MK15CS30 | 85 | 15 | 70 | 30 | 100 |
Test results for 7, 14, 28, and 56 days curing
| S.N | Mix | Slump (mm) | Compressive strength (N·mm−2) | Flexural strength (N·mm−2) | Split tensile strength (N·mm−2) | Density (kg·m−3) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 7 | 14 | 28 | 56 | 28 | 56 | 28 | 56 | ||||
| 1 | CC | 90 | 36.69 | 37.78 | 39.53 | 41.22 | 7.85 | 8.11 | 2.86 | 2.91 | 2630.37 |
| 2 | CS10 | 100 | 39.80 | 42.67 | 46.23 | 48.76 | 8.90 | 9.28 | 2.96 | 3.03 | 2634.07 |
| 3 | CS20 | 105 | 41.78 | 44.44 | 48.55 | 50.92 | 9.24 | 9.88 | 3.15 | 3.24 | 2654.81 |
| 4 | CS30 | 110 | 43.56 | 45.78 | 50.33 | 53.16 | 9.52 | 10.1 | 3.46 | 3.55 | 2723.70 |
| 5 | CS40 | 120 | 37.78 | 40.00 | 48.66 | 51.98 | 8.40 | 8.87 | 3.25 | 3.43 | 2752.59 |
| 6 | MK5CS30 | 100 | 40.22 | 48.41 | 53.33 | 56.43 | 9.60 | 10.15 | 3.54 | 3.66 | 2666.67 |
| 7 | MK10CS30 | 94 | 41.56 | 49.44 | 57.78 | 61.43 | 10.2 | 10.65 | 3.70 | 3.81 | 2652.00 |
| 8 | MK15CS30 | 91 | 40.11 | 48.54 | 56.89 | 60.11 | 9.80 | 10.45 | 3.64 | 3.75 | 2622.22 |
Physical properties of coarse and fine aggregate
| Component | NS | CS | Coarse aggregate |
|---|---|---|---|
| Specific gravity (g/cc) | 2.64 | 3.31 | 2.89 |
| Water absorption (%) | 1.06 | 0.87 | 0.89 |
| Fineness modulus | 2.84 | 2.86 | 6.93 |
| Bulk of sand (%) | 28 | — | — |
| Chemical properties of fine aggregates | |||
| SiO2 | 73.79 | 20.328 | — |
| K2O | 3.46 | 0.723 | — |
| CaO | 1.79 | 2.721 | — |
| MgO | 0.47 | 0.859 | — |
| P2O5 | 0.13 | 0.1 | — |
| Fe2O3 | 2.69 | 64.733 | — |
| Al2O3 | 15.39 | 3.076 | — |
| Na2O | 0.59 | 0.425 | — |
| TiO2 | 0.34 | 0.391 | — |
Responses provided for the MK and CS factors
| S.N | Factor 1, MK (%) | Factor 2, CS (%) | Response 1, compressive strength (MPa) | Response 2, flexural strength (MPa) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 0 | 0 | 39.53 | 7.85 |
| 2 | 0 | 10 | 46.23 | 8.90 |
| 3 | 0 | 20 | 48.55 | 9.24 |
| 4 | 0 | 30 | 50.33 | 9.52 |
| 5 | 0 | 40 | 48.66 | 8.40 |
| 6 | 5 | 30 | 53.33 | 9.60 |
| 7 | 10 | 30 | 57.77 | 10.20 |
| 8 | 15 | 30 | 56.88 | 9.80 |
Chemical properties of cement and MK
| Component | Cement | MK |
|---|---|---|
| SiO2 | 18.89 | 54.899 |
| K2O | 1.14 | 0.162 |
| CaO | 62.37 | 0.279 |
| MgO | 0.99 | 0.914 |
| P2O5 | 0.12 | 0.03 |
| Fe2O3 | 3.83 | 0.799 |
| Al2O3 | 4.24 | 38.145 |
| Na2O | 0.12 | 0.01 |
| TiO2 | 0.30 | 2.061 |
Quantity of constituents of concrete (in kg·m−3)
| S.N | Mix | Cement (kg·m−3) | Fine aggregate (kg·m−3) | CA | Super plasticizer | W/C ratio | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OPC | MK | NS | CS | |||||
| 1 | CC | 350 | — | 701.18 | — | 1368.17 | 3.50 | 0.45 |
| 2 | CS10 | 350 | — | 631.06 | 88.08 | 1368.17 | 3.50 | 0.45 |
| 3 | CS20 | 350 | — | 560.94 | 176.16 | 1368.17 | 3.50 | 0.45 |
| 4 | CS30 | 350 | — | 490.83 | 264.25 | 1368.17 | 3.50 | 0.45 |
| 5 | CS40 | 350 | — | 420.71 | 352.33 | 1368.17 | 3.50 | 0.45 |
| 6 | MK5CS30 | 332.5 | 17.5 | 490.05 | 263.83 | 1366.02 | 3.50 | 0.45 |
| 7 | MK10CS30 | 315.0 | 35.0 | 489.28 | 263.41 | 1363.86 | 3.50 | 0.45 |
| 8 | MK15CS30 | 297.5 | 52.5 | 488.51 | 263.00 | 1361.70 | 3.50 | 0.45 |
Regression equations for the various parameter levels
| Responses | Regression model | R 2 | Eq. |
|---|---|---|---|
| Compressive strength (MPa) | =54.81 + 3.61A + 4.40B + 0.0000AB − 2.18A² − 4.84B² | 0.9880 | (1) |
| Flexural strength (MPa) | =10.09 + 0.3108A + 0.3309B + 0.0000AB − 0.3884A² − 1.24B² | 0.9552 | (2) |