Abstract
Steam turbines are essential for energy conversion, with blades engineered for optimal efficiency, endurance, and robustness in varying pressure conditions. However, these blades face significant risks from fatigue, corrosion, and solid particle erosion (SPE), particularly in high-pressure areas. Understanding SPE mechanisms, influenced by particle characteristics, impact angles, and material properties, is vital for developing effective mitigation strategies. From 2013 to 2023, the number of publications in this field increased by 133%, reflecting substantial growth in research. Initially, experiment-based studies represented about 30% of the research from 2013 to 2015, while simulation and computational methods became predominant, constituting approximately 70% of studies from 2020 to 2023. Key focuses included impingement angle and impact speed. Thermal spray processes dominated coating studies, comprising about 50% of research from 2014 to 2023, with physical vapor deposition at roughly 30%. Advanced coatings, like yttria-stabilized zirconia and titanium aluminum nitride, showed promise in enhancing erosion resistance. Future research should prioritize optimizing these parameters and exploring eco-friendly materials to improve turbine longevity and performance.