Effect of operating parameters on production of bio-oil from fast pyrolysis of maize stalk in bubbling fluidized bed reactor

Najaf Ali; Mahmood Saleem; Khurram Shahzad; Sadiq Hussain; Arshad Chughtai

doi:10.1515/pjct-2016-0053

References

1. Goyal, H.B., Seal, D. & Saxena, R.C. (2008). Bio-fuels from thermochemical conversion of renewable resources: a review. Renew. Sust. Ener. Rev. 12, 504-517. DOI: 10.1016/j. rser.2006.07.014.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
2. Raheem, A., Azlina, W.W., Yap, Y.H.T., Danquah, M.K. & Harun, R. (2015). Thermochemical conversion of microalgal biomass for biofuel production. Renew. Sust. Ener. Rev. 49, 990-999. DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2015.04.186.10.1016/j.rser.2015.04.186
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
3. Bridgwater, A.V. & Peacocke, G.V.C. (2000). Fast pyrolysis processes for biomass. Renew. Sust. Ener. Rev. 4, 1-73. DOI: 10.1016/S1364-0321(99)00007-6.10.1016/S1364-0321(99)00007-6
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
4. Yaman, S. (2004). Pyrolysis of biomass to produce fuels and chemical feedstocks. Ener. Conv. Manage. 45, 651-671. DOI: 10.1016/S0196-8904(03)00177-8.10.1016/S0196-8904(03)00177-8
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
5. Goyal HB, S.R. & Seal, D. Communicated to Haworth Press, USA, 2006. (2006). Thermochemical Conversion of Biomass To Liquids and Gas, Monograph. DOI: 10.1016/j. rser.2006.07.014.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
6. Bridgwater, A.V. (1999). Principles and practice of biomass fast pyrolysis processes for liquids. J. Anal. Appl. Pyrol. 51, 3-22. DOI: 10.1016/S0165-2370(99)00005-4.10.1016/S0165-2370(99)00005-4
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
7. Bridgwater, A.V. Review of fast pyrolysis of biomass and product upgrading. Biom. Bioener. 38, 68-94. DOI: 10.1016/j. biombioe.2011.01.048.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
8. Mohan, D., Pittman, C.U. & Steele, P.H. (2006). Pyrolysis of wood/biomass for bio-oil: a critical review. Energy & Fuels 20, 848-889. DOI: 10.1021/ef0502397.10.1021/ef0502397
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
9. Babu, B.V. (2008). Biomass pyrolysis: a state of art review. Biof. Bioprod. Bioref. 2, 393-414. DOI: 10.1002/bbb.92.10.1002/bbb.92
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
10. Bridgewater, A.V. (2004). Biomass fast pyrolysis. Ther. Sci. 8, 21-50. DOI: 10.2298/TSC10402021B.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
11. Bimbella, F., Abrego, J., Gonzalo, A., Sanchez, J.L. & Arauzo, J. (2014). Biomass pyrolysis liquids. Fundamentals, technologies and new strategies. Bol. Grup. Esp. Carb. DOI: 10261/108782.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
12. Jahirul, M.I., Rasul, M.G., Chowdhury, A.A. & Ashwath, N. (2012). Biofuels production through biomass pyrolysis, a technological review. Energies 5, 4952-5001. DOI: 3390/ en5124952.10.3390/en5124952
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
13. Demirbas, A. & Arin, G.N. (2002). An overview of biomass pyrolysis. Ener. Sour. 24, 471-482. DOI: 10.1080/00908310252889979.10.1080/00908310252889979
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
14. Akhtar, J. & Amin, N.A.S. (2011). A review on process conditions for optimum bio-oil yield in hydrothermal liquefaction of biomass. Renew. Sust. Ener. Reviews. 15, 1615-1624. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2010.11.05410.1016/j.rser.2010.11.054
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
15. Balat, M., Balat, M., Kirtay, E. & Balat, H. (2009). Main routes for the thermo-conversion of biomass into fuels and chemicals. Part 1: Pyrolysis systems. Ener. Con. Managem. 50, 3147-3157. DOI: 10.1016/j.enconman.2009.08.014.10.1016/j.enconman.2009.08.014
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
16. Zabaniotou, A.A., Roussos, A.I. & Koroneos, C.J. (2000). A laboratory study of cotton gin waste pyrolysis. J. Anal. Appl. Pyrol. 56, 47-59.10.1016/S0165-2370(00)00088-7
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
17. Abdullah, N. & Bridgwater, A.V. (2006). Pyrolysis liquid derived from oil palm empty fruit bunches. J. Phys. Sci. 17, 117-129. DOI: 10.1016/S0165-2370(00)00088-7.10.1016/S0165-2370(00)00088-7
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
18. Putun, A.E., Uzbay, N., Apaydin Varol, E., Uzun, B. B. & Ates, F. (2007). Rapid and slow pyrolysis of pistachio shell: effect of pyrolysis conditions on the product yields and characterization of the liquid product. Inter. J. Ener. Res. 31, 506-514. DOI: 10.1002/er.1263.10.1002/er.1263
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
19. Akhtar, J. & Saidina Amin, N. A review on operating parameters for optimum liquid oil yield in biomass pyrolysis. Renew. Sustain. Ener. Rev. 16, 5101-5109. DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2012.05.033.10.1016/j.rser.2012.05.033
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
20. Shafizadeh, F. (1982). Introduction to pyrolysis of biomass. J. Anal. Appl. Pyrol. 3, 283-305. DOI: 10.1016/0165-2370(82)80017-X.10.1016/0165-2370(82)80017-X
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
21. Scott, D.S., Piskorz, J., Bergougnou, M.A., Graham, R. & Overend, R.P. (1988). The role of temperature in the fast pyrolysis of cellulose and wood. Indust. & Engine. Chem. Res. 27, 8-15. DOI: 10.1021/ie00073a003.10.1021/ie00073a003
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
22. Bridgwater, A.V. (2003). Renewable fuels and chemicals by thermal processing of biomass. Chem. Engine. J. 91, 87-102. DOI: 10.1016/S1385-8947(02)00142-0.10.1016/S1385-8947(02)00142-0
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
23. Bridgwater, A.V., Meier, D. & Radlein, D. (1999). An overview of fast pyrolysis of biomass. Org. Geochem. 30, 1479-1493. DOI: 10.1016/S0146-6380(99)00120-59.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
24. Piskorz, J., Majerski, P., Radlein, D., Scott, D.S. & Bridgwater, A.V. (1998). Fast pyrolysis of sweet sorghum and sweet sorghum bagasse. J. Anal. Appl. Pyrol. 46, 15-29. DOI: 10.1016/S0165-2370(98)00067-9.10.1016/S0165-2370(98)00067-9
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
25. Horne, P.A. & Williams, P.T. (1996). Infl uence of temperature on the products from the fl ash pyrolysis of biomass. Fuel. 75, 1051-1059. DOI: 10.1016/0016-2361(96)00081-6.10.1016/0016-2361(96)00081-6
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
26. Demirbas, A. (2007). The infl uence of temperature on the yields of compounds existing in bio-oils obtained from biomass samples via pyrolysis. Fuel Proces. Technol. 88, 591-597. DOI: 10.1016/j.fuproc.2007.01.010.10.1016/j.fuproc.2007.01.010
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
27. Toft, A.J. (1996). A comparison of integrated biomass to electricity systems, Aston University.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
28. Antal, M.J. & Gronali, M. (2003). The art, science, and technology of charcoal production. Indust. & Engine. Chem. Res. 42, 1619-1640. DOI: 10.1021/ie0207919.10.1021/ie0207919
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
29. Onay, O. (2007). Infl uence of pyrolysis temperature and heating rate on the production of bio-oil and char from safflower seed by pyrolysis, using a well-swept fi xed-bed reactor. Fuel Proces. Technol. 88, 523-531. DOI: 10.1016/j.fuproc.2007.01.001.10.1016/j.fuproc.2007.01.001
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
30. Bridgwater, A.V. (1999). Principles and practice of biomass fast pyrolysis processes for liquids. J. Anal. Appl. Pyrol. 51, 3-22. DOI: 10.1016/S0165-2370(99)00005-4.10.1016/S0165-2370(99)00005-4
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
31. Westerhof, R.J.M., Brilman, D.W.F., van Swaaij, W.P.M. & Kersten, S.R.A. (2009). Effect of temperature in fl uidized bed fast pyrolysis of biomass: oil quality assessment in test units. Indus. & Engine. Chem. Res. 49, 1160-1168. DOI: 10.1021/ie900885c.10.1021/ie900885c
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
32. Heo, H.S., Park, H.J., Yim, J.H., Sohn, J.M., Park, J., Kim, S.S., Ryu, C., Jeon, J.K. & Park, Y.K. (2010). Infl uence of operation variables on fast pyrolysis of Miscanthus sinensis var. purpurascens. Biores. Technol. 101, 3672-3677. DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2009.12.078.10.1016/j.biortech.2009.12.078
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
33. Pattiya, A. & Suttibak, S. (2012). Production of bio-oil via fast pyrolysis of agricultural residues from cassava plantations in a fl uidised-bed reactor with a hot vapour fi ltration unit. J. Anal. Appl. Pyrol. 95, 227-235. DOI: 10.1016/j.jaap.2012.02.010.10.1016/j.jaap.2012.02.010
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
34. Mourant, D., Lievens, C., Gunawan, R., Wang, Y., Hu, X., Wu, L., Syed-Hassan, S.S.A. & Li, C.Z. (2013). Effects of temperature on the yields and properties of bio-oil from the fast pyrolysis of mallee bark. Fuel. 108, 400-408. DOI: 10.1016/j.fuel.2012.12.018.10.1016/j.fuel.2012.12.018
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
35. Antal, M.J. & Gronli, M. (2003). The art, science, and technology of charcoal production. Indust. & Engine. Chem. Res. 42, 1619-1640. DOI: 10.1021/ie0207919.10.1021/ie0207919
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
36. Park, H.J., Park, Y.K., Dong, J.I., Kim, J.S., Jeon, J.K., Kim, S.S., Kim, J., Song, B., Park, J. & Lee, K.J. (2009). Pyrolysis characteristics of Oriental white oak: kinetic study and fast pyrolysis in a fl uidized bed with an improved reaction system. Fuel Proces. Technol. 90, 186-195. DOI: 10.1016/j. fuproc.2008.08.017.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
37. Nurul Islam, M., Zailani, R. & Nasir Ani, F. (1999). Pyrolytic oil from fl uidised bed pyrolysis of oil palm shell and itscharacterisation. Renew. Ener. 17, 73-84. DOI: 10.1016/ S0960-1481(98)00112-8.10.1016/S0960-1481(98)00112-8
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
38. Bridgwater, A.V. (2007). The production of biofuels and renewable chemicals by fast pyrolysis of biomass. Inter. J. Glob. Ener. Iss. 27, 160-203. DOI: 10.1504/IJGEI.2007.013654.10.1504/IJGEI.2007.013654
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
39. Huber, G.W., Iborra, S. & Corma, A. (2006). Synthesis of transportation fuels from biomass: chemistry, catalysts, and engineering. Chem. Rev. 106, 4044-4098. DOI: 10.1021/ cr068360d.10.1021/cr068360d16967928
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
40. Shen, J., Wang, X.S., Garcia-Perez, M., Mourant, D., Rhodes, M.J. & Li, C.Z. (2009). Effects of particle size on the fast pyrolysis of oil mallee woody biomass. Fuel 88, 1810-1817. DOI: 10.1016/j.fuel.2009.05.001.10.1016/j.fuel.2009.05.001
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
41. Scott, D.S. & Piskorz, J. (1982). The fl ash pyrolysis of aspen poplar wood. Can. J. Chem. Engine. 60, 666-674. DOI: 10.1002/cjce.5450600514.10.1002/cjce.5450600514
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
42. Raja, S.A., Kennedy, Z.R., Pillai, B.C. & Lee, C.L.R. (2010). Flash pyrolysis of jatropha oil cake in electrically heated fl uidized bed reactor. Energy 35, 2819-2823. DOI: 10.1016/j. energy.2010.03.011.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
43. Heidari, A., Stahl, R., Younesi, H., Rashidi, A., Troeger, N. & Ghoreyshi, A.A. (2014). Effect of process conditions on product yield and composition of fast pyrolysis of Eucalyptus grandis in fl uidized bed reactor. J. Ind. Engine. Chem. 20, 2594-2602. DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2013.10.046.10.1016/j.jiec.2013.10.046
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
44. Park, H.J., Dong, J.I., Jeon, J.K., Park, Y.K., Yoo, K.S., Kim, S.S., Kim, J. & Kim, S. (2008). Effects of the operating parameters on the production of bio-oil in the fast pyrolysis of Japanese larch. Chem. Engine. J. 143, 124-132. DOI: 10.1016/j. cej.2007.12.031.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
45. Choi, H.S., Choi, Y.S. & Park, H.C. (2012). Fast pyrolysis characteristics of lignocellulosic biomass with varying reaction conditions. Renew. Ener. 42, 131-135. DOI: 10.1016/j. renene.2011.08.049.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
46. Garcia-Perez, M., Wang, X.S., Shen, J., Rhodes, M.J., Tian, F., Lee, W.J., Wu, H. & Li, C.Z. (2008). Fast pyrolysis of oil mallee woody biomass: effect of temperature on the yield and quality of pyrolysis products. Ind. & Engine. Chem. Res. 47, 1846-1854. DOI: 10.1021/ie071497p.10.1021/ie071497p
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
47. Putun, E., Uzun, B.B. & Putun, A.E. (2006). Fixed-bed catalytic pyrolysis of cotton-seed cake: effects of pyrolysis temperature, natural zeolite content and sweeping gas fl ow rate. Biores. Technol. 97, 701-710. DOI:10.1016/j.biortech.2005.04.005.10.1016/j.biortech.2005.04.00515950461
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
48. Bridgwater, A.V. (2012). Review of fast pyrolysis of biomass and product upgrading. Biom. Bioener. 38, 68-94. DOI: 10.1016/j.biombioe.2011.01.04810.1016/j.biombioe.2011.01.048
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
49. Bridgwater, T. (2006). Biomass for energy. J. Sci. Food Agric. 86, 1755-1768. DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.2605.10.1002/jsfa.2605
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
50. Hoekstra, E., Hogendoorn, K.J.A., Wang, X., Westerhof, R.J.M., Kersten, S.R.A., van Swaaij, W.P.M. & Groeneveld, M.J. (2009). Fast pyrolysis of biomass in a fluidized bed reactor: in situ filtering of the vapors. Ind. & Engine. Chem. Res. 48, 4744-4756. DOI: 10.1021/ie8017274.10.1021/ie8017274
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
51. Uzun, B.B., Putun, A.A. & Putun, E. (2006). Fast pyrolysis of soybean cake: product yields and compositions. Biores. Technol. 97, 569-576. DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2005.03.026.10.1016/j.biortech.2005.03.02615950460
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
52. Bridgwater, A.V. (1997) Biomass fast pyrolysis and applications in Europe. In Making a Business from Biomass in Energy, Environment, Chemicals, Fibers, and Materials. Proc. Third Biomass Conf. of the Americas, Vols, pp. 797-809.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
53. Park, H.J., Park, Y.K. & Kim, J.S. (2008). Infl uence of reaction conditions and the char separation system on the production of bio-oil from radiata pine sawdust by fast pyrolysis. Fuel Proces. Technol. 89, 797-802. DOI: 10.1016/j. fuproc.2008.01.003.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
54. Scott, D.S., Majerski, P., Piskorz, J. & Radlein, D. (1999). A second look at fast pyrolysis of biomass-the RTI process. J. Anal. Appl. Pyrol. 51, 23-37. DOI: 10.1016/S0165-2370(99)00006-6.10.1016/S0165-2370(99)00006-6
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
55. Heo, H.S., Park, H.J., Park, Y.K., Ryu, C., Suh, D.J., Suh, Y.W., Yim, J.H. & Kim, S.S. (2010). Bio-oil production from fast pyrolysis of waste furniture sawdust in a fluidized bed. Biores. Technol. 101, S91-S96. DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2009.06.003.10.1016/j.biortech.2009.06.003
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
56. Raja, S., Smart, A., Robinson, D.S., Pillai, B.C., Robert, L. & Lindon, C. (2011). Parametric studies on Pyrolysis of pungam oil cake in electrically heated fluidized bed research reactor. Res. J. Chem. Sci. 1, 70-80.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
57. Sulaiman, F. & Abdullah, N. (2011). Optimum conditions for maximising pyrolysis liquids of oil palm empty fruit bunches. Energy 36, 2352-2359. DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2010.12.067.10.1016/j.energy.2010.12.067
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
58. Mante, O.D. & Agblevor, F.A. (2011). Parametric study on the pyrolysis of manure and wood shavings. Biom. Bioener. 35, 4417-4425. DOI: 10.1016/j.biombioe.2011.08.017.10.1016/j.biombioe.2011.08.017
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
59. Tsai, W.T., Lee, M.K. & Chang, Y.M. (2007). Fast pyrolysis of rice husk: product yields and compositions. Biores.Technol. 98, 22-28. DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2005.12.005.10.1016/j.biortech.2005.12.005
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
60. Ali, N., Saleem, M., Shahzad, K. & Chughtai, A. (2015). Bio-Oil Production from Fast Pyrolysis of Cotton Stalk in Fluidized Bed Reactor. Ara. J. Sci. Engine. 40, 3019-3027. DOI: 10.1007/s13369-015-1801-z.10.1007/s13369-015-1801-z
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
61. Zheng, J.L. (2008). Pyrolysis oil from fast pyrolysis of maize stalk. J. Anal. Appl. Pyrol. 83, 205-212. DOI: 10.1016/j. jaap.2008.08.005.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
62. Xueyuan, B., Weiming, Y., Lihong, W., Yongjun, L. & Hongzhen, C. (2005). Fast pyrolysis of corn stalk for bio-oil in a plasma heated fl uidized bed. Trans. Chin. Soc. Agric. Engine. 21, 127-130.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
63. Park, H.J., Park, Y.K. & Kim, J.S. (2008). Infl uence of reaction conditions and the char separation system on the production of bio-oil from radiata pine sawdust by fast pyrolysis. Fuel Proces. Technol. 89, 797-802. DOI: 10.1016/j. fuproc.2008.01.003.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
64. Wang, X., Kersten, S.R.A., Prins, W. & van Swaaij, W.P.M. (2005). Biomass pyrolysis in a fl uidized bed reactor. Part 2: Experimental validation of model results. Ind. & Engine. Chem. Res. 44, 8786-8795. DOI: 10.1021/ie050486y.10.1021/ie050486y
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
65. Garcia-Perez, M., Chaala, A., Pakdel, H., Kretschmer, D. & Roy, C. (2007). Characterization of bio-oils in chemical families. Biom. Bioener. 31, 222-242. DOI: 10.1016/j.biombioe. 2006.02.006.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
66. Asadullah, M., Rahman, M.A., Ali, M.M., Motin, M.A., Sultan, M.B., Alam, M.R. & Rahman, M.S. (2008). Jute stick pyrolysis for bio-oil production in fl uidized bed reactor. Biores. Technol. 99, 44-50.10.1016/j.biortech.2006.12.002
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
67. Kim, S.J., Jung, S.H. & Kim, J.S. Fast pyrolysis of palm kernel shells: influence of operation parameters on the bio-oil yield and the yield of phenol and phenolic compounds. Biores. Technol. 101, 9294-9300. DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2010.06.110.10.1016/j.biortech.2010.06.110
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
68. Islam, M.N., Zailani, R. & Ani, F.N. (1999). Pyrolytic oil from fl uidised bed pyrolysis of oil palm shell and itscharacterisation. Ren. Ener. 17, 73-84. DOI: 10.1016/S0960-1481(98)00112-8.10.1016/S0960-1481(98)00112-8
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
69. Encinar, J.M., Gonzalez, J.F. & Gonzalez, J. (2000). Fixed- bed pyrolysis of Cynara cardunculus L. Product yields and compositions. Fuel Proc. Technol. 68, 209-222. DOI: 10.1016/ S0378-3820(00)00125-9.10.1016/S0378-3820(00)00125-9
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
70. Putun, A.E., Ozbay, N., Apaydin Varol, E., Uzun, B. B. & Ates, F. (2007). Rapid and slow pyrolysis of pistachio shell: effect of pyrolysis conditions on the product yields and characterization of the liquid product. Inter. J. Ener. Res. 31, 506-514. DOI: 10.1002/er.1263.10.1002/er.1263
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
71. Ji-Lu, Z. (2007). Bio-oil from fast pyrolysis of rice husk: Yields and related properties and improvement of the pyrolysis system. J. Anal. Appl. Pyrol. 80, 30-35. DOI: 10.1016/j. jaap.2006.12.030.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
72. Lv, G.J., Wu, S.B. & Lou, R. (2010). Characteristics of corn stalk hemicellulose pyrolysis in a tubular reactor. BioRes. 5, 2051-2062.10.15376/biores.5.4.2051-2062
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
73. Wang, S., Guo, X., Wang, K. & Luo, Z. (2011). Infl uence of the interaction of components on the pyrolysis behavior of biomass. J. Anal. Appl. Pyrol. 91, 183-189. DOI: 10.1016/j. jaap.2011.02.006.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
74. Lv, G., Wu, S., Yang, G., Chen, J., Liu, Y. & Kong, F. (2013). Comparative study of pyrolysis behaviors of corn stalk and its three components. J. Anal. Appl. Pyrol. 104, 185-193. DOI: 10.1016/j.jaap.2013.08.005.10.1016/j.jaap.2013.08.005
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
75. Zhou, J., Oehr, K., Simons, G. & Barrass, G. (1997). Simultaneous NOx and SOx control using BioLime. Biomass Gasifi cation and Pyrolysis, State of the Art and Future Prospects. CPL-Press. Newbury. S, 490-494.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
76. Bridgwater, A.V. (2000). Slow release fertilizers by pyrolytic recycling of agricultural wastes. PyNe Newsletter. 10.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
77. Chum, H.L. & Black, S.K. (1990) Process for fractionating fast-pyrolysis oils, and products derived therefrom, Google Patents.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
78. Chum, H.L. & Kreibich, R.E. (1992) Process for preparing phenolic formaldehyde resole resin products derived from fractionated fast-pyrolysis oils, Google Patents.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
79. Himmelblau, A. (1991) Method and apparatus for producing water-soluble resin and resin product made by that method, Google Patents.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article

Effect of operating parameters on production of bio-oil from fast pyrolysis of maize stalk in bubbling fluidized bed reactor

References

Paradigm

My account