Figure 1
Lake Charzykowskie – the map and the numbers of sampling sites
Table 1
Selected physicochemical parameters of water in Lake Charzykowskie in 2014-2015
| parameter | 2014 | 2015 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| mean | range | ±SD | mean | range | ±SD | |
| Secchi depth (m) | 2.8 | 1.9-5.5 | 1.2 | 2.4 | 1.7-4.1 | 0.7 |
| Dissolved oxygen (mg l-1) | 8.3 | 4.8-10.6 | 2.1 | 9.3 | 7.5-11.4 | 1.2 |
| Water temperature (°C) | 20.0 | 15.4-25.0 | 3.6 | 18.4 | 15.0-21.3 | 2.7 |
| pH | 8.0 | 6.7-8.5 | 0.6 | 7.9 | 6.8-8.5 | 0.6 |
| Electrolytic conductivity (µS cm-1) | 329 | 317-348 | 9.3 | 332 | 302-357 | 14.9 |
| Chlorophyll a (µg l-1) | 25.41 | 2.27-78.32 | 21.80 | 12.44 | 2.9-21.31 | 5.26 |
| TP (mg l-1) | 0.101 | 0.015-0.300 | 0.10 | 0.149 | 0.045-0.496 | 0.12 |
| TN (mg l-1) | 3.45 | 1.65-5.25 | 1.2 | 3.49 | 0.33-8.73 | 2.07 |
Figure 2
Percentage contribution of taxonomic groups to the total biomass of phytoplankton in Lake Charzykowskie in 2014 (a) and 2015 (b)
Figure 3
Changes in the biomass (mg l-1) and chlorophyll a concentration (µg l-1) in the phytoplankton of Lake Charzykowskie in 2014 (a) and 2015 (b); biomass – bar, chlorophyll a – line
Table 2
Structural changes in phytoplankton of Lake Charzykowskie in 1947-2015
| Date of studies Authors | Chl a (µg l-1) | Biomass (µg l-1) | Dominants and subdominants | Strategy | FGs | Traits of phytoplankton | Trophic status |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1947 (Cabejszek 1950) | 0.72 | Aulacoseira granulata Aphanizomenon Hosaquae Microcystis aeruginosa | R S S | P H1 LM | diatomaceous and cyanobacterial | β-mesotrophy | |
| 1954-1955 (Solski 1962) | 4.5-73.5 | ?eutrophy | |||||
| 1968 (Szulkowska-Wojaczek 1978) | 2.44 | Fragilaria crotonensis Microcystis aeruginosa | R | P | cyanobacterial and diatomaceous | eutrophy | |
| 1976 (Szulkowska-Wojaczek 1978) | 1.26 | Microcystis aeruginosa Oscillatoria n.det. | S | LM | cyanobacterial bloom | eutrophy | |
| 1987-1990 (Wiśniewska 1994) | 1.33-90.8 | 0.5-43.4 | Aulacoseira granulata Cyclotella sp. div. Microcystis aeruginosa Aphanizomenon flos-aquae | R CR S S | P - LM H1 | diatomaceous and cyanobacterial bloom | hypertrophy |
| 1999 (Wiśniewska 2000) | 4.2-28.3 | 0.06-10.4 | Fragilaria crotonensis Ceratium hirundinella Aphanizomenon flos-aquae Microcystis aeruginosa | R S S S | P LM H1 LM | diatoms, dinoflagellates, cyanobacteria | eutrophy |
| 2004 (Wiśniewska 2005) | 8.3-49.4 | 1.8-107.4 | Asterionella formosa Fragilaria crotonensis Ceratium hirundinella Aulacoseira granulata Microcystis aeruginosa | R R S R S | C P LM HP LM | diatoms, dinoflagellates, cyanobacteria | hypertrophy |
| 2008 (Luścińska & Wiśniewska 2012) | 1.1-11.0 | Stephanodiscus neoastrea, S. alpinus Aulacoseira islandica Ceratium hirundinella Aphanothece minutissima | C C S CS | C P LM L | diatoms and dinoflagellates | meso-eutrophy | |
| 2009 (Luścińska & Wiśniewska 2012) | 3.3-7.6 | Plagioselmis sp. Microcystis wesenbergii Ceratium hirundinella | C S S | X2 LM LM | cryptophytes, cryptophytes, dinoflagellates | meso-eutrophy | |
| 2014 (Wiśniewska & Dembowska this article) | 2.27-78.32 | 0.3-37.82 | Stephanodiscus neoastrea, S. alpinus Aulacoseira islandica Ceratium hirundinella | C S S | C P LM | diatoms and dinoflagellates | meso-eutrophy |
| 2015 (Wiśniewska & Dembowska this article) | 2.9-21.31 | 0.5-11.3 | Plagioselmis sp. Microcystis wesenbergii Ceratium hirundinella Fragilaria crotonensis | C S S R | X2 LM LM P | cryptophytes, cyanobacteria, dinoflagellates | meso-eutrophy |
Table 3
Main functional groups in Lake Charzykowskie and representative species in each group (after Reynolds et al. 2002; Padisák et al. 2009) FG Representative species
| FG | Representative species | Physiological characteristics |
|---|---|---|
| B | Aulacoseira islandica Stephanodiscus neoastraea | Mixed, mesotrophic small- and medium-sized lakes, sensitive to the onset of stratification, adapted to low light, sensitive to pH increase, Si depletion, stratification |
| C | Asterionella formosa | Mixed, eutrophic small- and medium-sized lakes with species sensitive to the onset of stratification, sensitive to Si depletion |
| o | Fragilaria crotonensis Aulacoseira granulata A. granulata var. angustissima Staurastrum gracile S. chaetoceras Staurastrum sp. | Eutrophic epilimnia, tolerant of carbon dioxide depletion, more eutrophic waters, sensitive to Si depletion, stratification |
| LM | Microcystis sp. Ceratium hirundinella C. furcoides | Summer epilimnia in eutrophic lakes, low light and very low C tolerant, sensitive to mixing and poor stratification |
| H2 | Gloeotrichia echinulata Anabaena lemmermanii | Oligo-mesotrophic, deep, stratified lakes, with good light conditions, tolerant to low nitrogen, sensitive to mixing, poor light |
| HI | Aphanizomenon spp. Dolichospermum spiroides | Eutrophic, both stratified and shallow lakes with low nitrogen and low carbon, sensitive to mixing, poor light and low phosphorus |
| X2 | Plagioselmis | Shallow, clear, mixed layers in meso-eutrophic lakes, tolerance to stratification, sensitive to mixing and filter-feeding grazers, reduced grazing leads to high relative biomass |
| G | Eudorina Volvox | Nutrient-rich conditions in stagnant water columns, small eutrophic lakes and very stable phases in larger river-fed basins and storage reservoirs |
| K (L)? | Aphanothece Aphanocapsa | Aphanothece and Aphanocapsa colonies are often found late summer in epilimnion of oligotrophic, deep lakes |
Table 4
Statistically significant values of Pearson correlation between environmental parameters and phytoplankton biomass (p≤0.05, bold p≤ 0.001)
| WT | SD | EC | pH | DO | N-NH4 | N-NO2 | N-NO3 | TN | P-PO4 | Chl a | Dino | Eugl | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SD | -0.5113 | ||||||||||||
| EC | 0.4992 | ||||||||||||
| pH | 0.6326 | -0.5742 | |||||||||||
| DO | 0.5258 | ||||||||||||
| N-NH4 | 0.6409 | -0.4101 | 0.5970 | ||||||||||
| N-NO2 | 0.5213 | 0.6334 | |||||||||||
| N-NO3 | -0.4384 | -0.5323 | |||||||||||
| TN | -0.4358 | ||||||||||||
| P-PO, | 0.3837 | ||||||||||||
| Chl a | 0.4079 | 0.5159 | |||||||||||
| Cyano | -0.5017 | 0.3930 | -0.5295 | -0.5646 | 0.3757 | ||||||||
| Crypto | 1-0.4153 | ||||||||||||
| Dino | 0.7098 | -0.4801 | 0.4615 | ||||||||||
| Eugl | 0.4925 | ||||||||||||
| Chryso | 0.5305 | 0.7463 | |||||||||||
| Bacill | -0.3932 | ||||||||||||
| Chloro | 0.5316 | 0.6312 | |||||||||||
| B phyto | 0.6959 | -0.6359 | -0.3842 | 0.4268 | 0.4338 | 0.8959 |
Figure 4
Ordination plot of canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) for the biomass of phytoplankton groups and environmental parameters in Lake Charzykowskie in 2014-2015. The first axis accounts for 31.221% of the total data variance, the second axis – for 14.130%.