Ecological patterns of water bug (Hemiptera: Heteroptera) assemblages in karst springs: a case study from central Montenegro

Bogić Gligorović; Ana Savić; Ljiljana Protić; Vladimir Pešić

doi:10.1515/ohs-2016-0046

Figures & Tables

(A) Similarity distance between the sites in groups A, B, and C reflecting environmental characteristics of the investigated springs. (B) Bray-Curtis similarity of water bug assemblages within the investigated springs

(A) Results of PCA showing environmental characteristics of 32 investigated springs in relation to environmental classification into groups A, B and C. (B) Results of PCA showing environmental characteristics of 32 investigated springs in relation to faunistic classification into groups I, II, II and IV. Abbreviations: TW – water temperature, DI – discharge, SU – spring size, AL – altitude, ST – stones, GR – gravel, SI – sand, CL – clay, OM – organic mud, AG – algae, MO – moss, MA – macrophytes

CCA biplot of species and environmental variables based on 32 investigated springs

General characteristics of the studied springs

Code	Spring	Longitude (E)	Latitude (N)	Altitude (m)	Spring type	Land use
S1	Skadar Lake area, spring “Karuč"	19° 6'20.8"	42°21'29.8"	12	sublacustrine	Lake, village
S2	Skadar Lake area, spring “Sinjac"	19°09'11.8"	42°22'01.6"	9	rheocrene	edge of forest
S3	Podgorica area, spring “Kaluđerovo oko"	19°8'58.6"	42°22'28.31"	17	sublacustrine	meadows, edge of forest
S4	Podgorica area, Bandići, spring “Crno oko"	19°9'14.95"	42°29'3.76"	38	limnocrene	village
S5	Podgorica area, Bandići, spring “Vriješko vrelo"	19°10'25.2"	42°29'09.6"	39	limnocrene	village
S6	Podgorica, village Daljam, spring “Kraljičino oko"	19°08'44.2"	42°28'52.3"	44	rheocrene	meadow
S7	Podgorica, spring “Vrela ribnička"	19°17'57.1"	42°26'10.7"	55	rheocrene	urban
S8	Podgorica, Piperi, spring"Studenci"	19°14'35.5"	42°28'59.4"	48	rheocrene	meadow
S9	Podgorica, Piperi, spring"Taban"	19°13'08.5"	42°31'39.3"	89	rheocrene	edge of forest
S10	Danilovgrad, spring "Glava Zete"	18°59'48.7"	42°40'29.5"	78	rheocrene	edge of forest
S11	Danilovgrad, spring “Milojevića vrela”	19°00'40.3"	42°37'56.1"	50	rheocrene	edge of forest
S12	Danilovgrad, spring "Oraška jama"	19°05'33.1"	42°31'52.5"	56	rheocrene	meadow
S13	Podgorica, Mareza I spring on road to Daljam village	19°10'55.6"	42°28'48.2"	38	limnocrene	rocky ground
S14	Podgorica, Mareza II spring on road to Daljam village	19°10'52.5"	42°28'50.8"	40	rheocrene	meadow
S15	Podgorica, Morača river , spring Zlatica	19°17'18.4"	42°28'07.2"	41	rheocrene	riverside
S16	Podgorica region, Kuči, spring"Mosor"	19°18'32.1"	42°27'46.7"	115	rheocrene (piped)	village
S17	Danilovgrad, village Gornji Martinići, spring “Pištet"	19°11'35.5"	42°33'19.7"	194	rheocrene	village
S18	Danilovgrad, village Gornji Martinići, Glizica, spring	19°10'43.9"	42°33'44.8"	204	rheocrene (piped)	village
S19	Podgorica region, Piperi, spring"Studenac"	19°13'40.7"	42°32'25.2"	443	rheocrene (piped)	village
S20	Podgorica, Piperi, spring “Mrtvak"	19°13'21.2"	42°32'39.7"	406	rheocrene (piped)	village
S21	Podgorica, Piperi, spring “Gospođina voda"	19°13'16.0"	42°32'47.1"	405	rheocrene (piped)	village
S22	Podgorica, Piperi, spring “Bitorod"	19°13'59.9"	42°32'02.3"	404	rheocrene (piped)	village
S23	Podgorica, Piperi, spring “Močila"	19°15'46.6"	42°30'23.9"	106	rheocrene (piped)	edge of forest
S24	Danilovgrad, spring Kupinovo	19° 2'47.1"	42°38'35.3"	516	rheocrene (piped)	village
S25	Podgorica region, Kuči, spring"Fundina"	19°21'52.7"	42°26'42.8"	651	rheocrene (piped)	village
S26	Danilovgrad, Podostrog, spring Šobajići	19° 2'47.1"	42°38'35.3"	516	rheocrene (piped)	village
S27	Nikšić, village Vidrovan, spring “Vukovo Vrelo"	18°56'31.5"	42°51'26.7"	663	rheocrene	village
S28	Podgorica, spring “Manastir Morača"	19°23'26.1"	42°46'00.4"	308	rheocrene	village
S29	Ponikvica Mt., Martinićka Ponikvica, spring I	19°16'01.3"	42°40'28.5"	1419	rheocrene	edge of forest
S30	Lukavica Mt., spring “Babino sicelo"	19°12'54.9"	42°48'15.9"	1607	limnocrene	meadow
S31	Lukavica Mt., spring near Kapetanovo Lake	19°13'40.5"	42°48'46.5"	1706	rheocrene	meadows
S32	Lukavica Mt., spring near Manito Lake	19°14'42.84"	42°48'22.96"	1786	limnocrene	meadow

Results of SIMPER analysis for aquatic bug assemblages of site groups A, B and C, and site groups I, II, III and IV

Group Aaverage similarity: 28.98Group Baverage similarity: 20.41Group Caverage similarity: 15.43			Groups A and Baverage dissimilarity = 78.02Groups A and Caverage dissimilarity = 85.97Groups B and Caverage dissimilarity = 81.84			Group Iaverage similarity: 29.07Group IIaverage similarity: 32.48Group IIIaverage similarity: 23.25Group IVaverage similarity: 26.67			Group I and IIaverage dissimilarity = 88.21Group I and IIIaverage dissimilarity = 86.72Groups I and IVaverage dissimilarity = 91.10Groups II and IIIaverage dissimilarity = 88.70Groups II and IVaverage dissimilarity = 93.80
Species	Av. Abund.	Av. Sim	Groups III and IV average dissimilarity =92.33	Contrib. %	Cum %	Species	Av. Abund.	Av. Sim	Sim/SD	Contrib. %	Cum %
Group A						Group I
Apa	1.75	11.32	0.90	39.07	39.07	Sla	3.67	21.66	1.22	74.52	74.52
Hpa	2.25	6.15	0.80	21.22	60.29	Gas	1.33	7.41	0.58	25.48	100
Hst	1.25	4.56	0.91	15.75	76.04	Group II
Ngl	1.75	4.17	0.41	14.38	90.42	Nci	3.67	16.55	2.02	50.96	50.96
Group B						Sni	1.33	3.22	0.70	9.93	60.89
Ngl	2.00	6.69	0.60	32.80	32.80	Rli	1.17	2.39	0.75	7.35	68.24
Sla	1.63	5.05	0.63	24.75	57.55	Hst	1.17	2.21	0.75	6.80	75.04
Vaf	1.13	2.72	0.41	13.35	70.90	Hli	1.67	1.72	0.48	5.28	80.32
Ana	0.88	2.26	0.49	11.10	82.00	Ana	1.17	1.65	0.45	5.07	85.40
Hst	0.75	1.46	0.34	7.17	89.17	Pmi	1.00	0.99	0.45	3.06	88.46
Nma	0.63	0.68	0.19	3.33	92.50	Ici	1.50	0.99	0.26	3.04	91.50
Group C						Group III
Vaf	1.00	2.86	0.38	18.52	18.52	Vaf	1.48	6.79	0.65	29.20	29.20
Hst	0.95	1.93	0.41	12.52	31.03	Hgl	1.43	4.00	0.43	17.21	46.41
Ana	0.80	1.39	0.28	9.03	40.07	Hst	0.95	2.24	0.40	9.65	56.06
Sfa	0.85	1.38	0.32	8.93	48.99	Ana	0.76	1.78	0.30	7.66	63.73
Nma	0.80	1.14	0.27	7.40	56.39	Sla	0.76	1.73	0.35	7.46	71.19
Nci	1.00	0.95	0.26	6.18	62.56	Apa	0.76	1.60	0.31	6.88	78.06
Ngl	0.70	0.93	0.22	6.01	68.58	Nma	0.67	1.44	0.31	6.18	84.25
God	0.70	0.91	0.22	5.87	74.45	God	0.81	1.24	0.26	5.32	89.60
Sla	0.70	0.82	0.20	5.34	79.79	Sfa	0.48	0.89	0.26	3.83	93.43
Cpu	0.50	0.58	0.16	3.79	83.58	Group IV
Gar	0.35	0.54	0.17	3.48	87.06	Gar	2	26.67	/	100	100
Rli	0.45	0.38	0.22	2.44	89.50
Hli	0.70	0.36	0.17	2.35	91.84

Physical characteristics (spring size – SU and discharge – DI), temperature (TW), substrate composition and aquatic vegetation of 32 investigated springs (S1-S32)

Spring code	Physical characteristics		TW	Substrate					Aquatic vegetation
Spring code	SU	DI	TW	Anoxic mud	clay	sand	gravel	stones	Moss	Macrophyte	Algae
S1	4	4	17.4	2	1	0	0	1	0	1	1
S2	4	3	18.4	1	1	1	0	1	0	1	1
S3	4	3	18.6	2	1	0	0	1	0	1	1
S4	3	2	15.6	2	1	0	0	1	1	3	1
S5	4	4	14.2	1	1	1	1	1	2	2	2
S6	1	2	13.4	0	0	0	1	2	1	1	1
S7	2	2	12.1	0	1	1	1	2	2	1	1
S8	2	2	14.1	1	1	0	1	2	1	2	1
S9	1	1	16.7	0	1	1	1	1	1	0	1
S10	4	4	11	1	0	0	1	2	3	1	1
S11	3	4	12.3	0	1	1	1	2	2	2	1
S12	4	2	10.1	1	0	1	1	2	1	1	1
S13	3	2	13.1	1	1	1	1	1	1	3	1
S14	2	1	12.4	0	1	1	1	2	1	1	1
S15	2	1	13.1	1	0	2	0	1	2	0	1
S16	2	1	16.1	0	1	0	1	3	1	0	1
S17	1	1	17.2	1	0	0	1	2	1	0	1
S18	1	1	14.3	1	1	0	0	2	1	0	1
S19	1	1	12.3	2	2	0	0	2	1	1	1
S20	2	1	15.2	3	1	0	0	1	0	0	1
S21	2	2	13.5	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1
S22	1	1	16.4	0	0	1	1	2	1	0	1
S23	1	1	16.1	2	0	0	0	2	1	1	1
S24	1	1	14.1	1	1	0	0	1	1	0	1
S25	1	1	13	1	1	1	1	2	1	0	1
S26	1	1	15.1	2	1	0	0	1	1	0	1
S27	4	4	8.4	1	1	1	1	1	2	2	1
S28	3	4	10.1	1	0	1	1	2	1	1	1
S29	1	1	9.2	2	3	0	0	1	1	0	1
S30	4	1	10.1	3	1	0	0	1	1	2	2
S32	1	1	8.3	3	1	0	0	1	0	1	1
S32	2	1	11.3	3	1	0	0	1	2	2	2

The occurrence of species in the studied springs A – abbreviations of the species names_ Species new to Montenegro are marked by one asterisk_

Taxa	A	Spring number
Nepomorpha
Nepidae
Nepa cinerea Linnaeus, 1758	Nci	1,2,3,4,8,11,12
*Ranatra linearis (Linnaeus, 1758)	Rli	2,3,4,8,27,28
Naucoridae
Ilyocoris cimicoides (Linnaeus, 1758)	Ici	2,4
Corixidae
*Corixa punctata (Illiger, 1807)	Cpu	12,18,20,26
Hesperocorixa linnaei (Fieber, 1848)	Hli	1,2,3,27,28
*Hesperocorixa parallela (Fieber, 1860)	Hpa	29,31,32
*Sigara nigrolineata (Fieber, 1848)	Sni	1,3,4,11,17,25
*Sigara lateralis (Leach, 1817)	Sla	1,5,7,10,12,15,21,24,27,28,31,32
Sigara falleni (Fieber, 1848)	Sfa	3,4,12,13,16,19,23,25,30
Notonectidae
Notonecta glauca Linnaeus, 1758	Ngl	1,5,7,9,11,13,15,18,22,25,31,32
*Notonecta maculata Fabricius, 1794	Nma	3,5,14,16,20,23,25,28,32
*Notonecta meridionalis Poisson, 1926	Nme	1,2,7,14
*Anisops sardeus Herrich-Schaeff er, 1849	Asa	2
Pleidae
Plea minutissima Leach, 1817	Pmi	1,2,3
Belostomatiidae
Lethocerus patruelis (Stal, 1854)	Lpa	1,3,6,7
Gerromorpha
Hydrometridae
Hydrometra stagnorum (Linnaeus, 1758)	Hsa	1,2,4,8,10,13,14,15,17,22,26,27,29,31,32
Veliidae
Velia sp.	Vaf	9,15,16,18,19,20,21,23,24,25,26,28,30
Gerridae
*Aquarius najas (De Geer, 1773)	Ana	1, 3,5,11,13,15,17,19,24,25
*Aquarius paludum (Fabricius, 1794)	Apa	11,18,19,22,27,29,30,31
Gerris lacustris (Linnaeus, 1758)	Gla	21,27,28,31,32
*Gerris argentatus Schummel, 1832	Gar	13,14,15,24,27
Gerris thoracicus Schummel, 1832	Gth	9,19
Gerris costae (Herich-Schaeff er, 1850)	Gco	2,3
Gerris odontogaster (Zetterstadt, 1828)	God	15,16,17,20,22,24
*Gerris asper (Fieber, 1860)	Gas	4,7,10

Ecological patterns of water bug (Hemiptera: Heteroptera) assemblages in karst springs: a case study from central Montenegro

Figures & Tables

Figure 1

Figure 2

Figure 3

General characteristics of the studied springs

Results of SIMPER analysis for aquatic bug assemblages of site groups A, B and C, and site groups I, II, III and IV

Physical characteristics (spring size – SU and discharge – DI), temperature (TW), substrate composition and aquatic vegetation of 32 investigated springs (S1-S32)

The occurrence of species in the studied springs A – abbreviations of the species names_ Species new to Montenegro are marked by one asterisk_

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