Figure 1
General view of the Gulf of Gdańsk (A), including the location of the discharge site (B) and the variability of the mean monthly salinity in the surface layer in the Outer Puck Bay and in the Puck Lagoon (based on data from the Institute of Meteorology and Water Management for 1965-1974, see Nowacki 1993) (C)
Figure 2
General view on: (a) the discharge system with 16 diffuser’s blocks marked as D spaced every 45 m, (b) a single block, and (c) discharge from a single block through 3 nozzles, according to the project of EMPORIUM
Figure 3
Location of the system of diffusers and in-situ measurements (dots – diffuser’s blocks; squares – CTD measurement sites; crosses A, B – continuous measurement sites) in the WGS84 system of coordinates
Figure 4
Changes in wind conditions (2010, 2011 – Gdynia station; 2012 – location S), water currents in location A, salinity in locations A and B, total discharge and concentration of salt in brine during three periods: early stage (2010), intermediate stage (2011), target stage (2012); sample results of measurements
Table 1
Parameters of brine discharged during selected in-situ measurements
Figure 5
Salinity distribution in verticals S, 9, 10, 17 and 18 on four selected dates: 27.10.2010, 4.05.2011, 26.07.2011, 1.08.2012.
Figure 6
Spatial distribution of salinity in the bottom layer on: a - 27.10.2010, b - 26.07.2011, c - 24.01.2012 and d - 1.08.2012
Figure 7
Salinity distribution in vertical cross-sections 25-1 and 11-16 on: a - 27.10.2010, b - 26.07.2011, c - 24.01.2012 and d - 1.08.2012
Figure 8
Schematic diagram of an idealized discharge configuration, where d – diameter of source, U0 – initial velocity, Θ0 – angle of incidence, XY, Y – coordinates of the maximum of the center line, Xi – coordinate of the impact point, Xe – coordinate of the edge point, Hs – source height above the boundary
Figure 9
Wind conditions preceding in-situ measurements executed on 26 August 2011, as measured at the Gdynia station
Figure 10
Water flow velocity and direction at a depth of 1m above the bottom in location B in the period of 21-26 August 2011
Figure 11
Spatial distribution of salinity: a − maximum salinity values in verticals, b – salinity at the bottom; dots – measurement locations
Figure 12
Salinity distribution in the A-A vertical cross-section based on in-situ measurements (dots) with the theoretical shape of a single jet estimated in the pre-investment study (solid line) and the center line location based on measurements (dashed line)
Table 2
Comparison of brine discharge conditions assumed in the pre-investment study and actual brine discharge conditions.
| Parameter | Assumed | Actual |
|---|---|---|
| Nozzle diameter d(m) | 0.008 | 0.009 |
| Exit flow velocity U0(ms-1) | 30 | 22.2÷22.45 |
| Density of effluent ρe(kgm-3) | 1160 | 1160 |
| Density of ambient water ρa(kgm-3) | 1005 | 1005 |
| Densimetric Froude number Fr(-) | 273 | 190-192 |
| Angle of incidence(deg) | 45 | 45 |
| Velocity in reservoir v(ms-1) | 0 | 0.02÷0.06 |
; g - acceleration due to gravity
Figure 13
Comparison of the characteristic dimensions of a single jet estimated on the basis of measurements, relations derived from laboratory experiments (Cipollina 2005, Bashitialshaaer et al. 2012), theoretical investigations (Oliver 2013a) and the predictive model JET3D (Robakiewicz & Robakiewicz 2008)
Table 3
Values of the return/impact point dilution coefficient S estimated by relations based on laboratory experiments, modelling approaches and analytical solution for discharge with a 45° angle of incidence and stagnant water conditions, compared with estimates based on in-situ measurements (Hs – source height above the boundary, d – source diameter, Fr – densimetric Froude number)
| Hs/(Frd) | Dilution coefficient | |
|---|---|---|
| Laboratory experiments | ||
| Nemlioglu & Roberts(2006) | Not started,boundary interaction | 323 |
| Shao & Law(2010) | 0.05-0.47 | 239 |
| Papakonstantis et al.(2011) | 0.37-1.39 | 295±26.6 |
| Lai & Lee(2012) | 0.24-0.92 | 203 |
| Analytical solution | ||
| Kikkert et al.(2007) | No boundary | 182 |
| Predictive models | ||
| VisJet (Lai 2010) | No boundary | 148 |
| CorJet(Jirka 2008) | No boundary | 123 |
| JET 3D1(Robakiewicz & Robakiewicz 2008) | 1.37 | 360 |
| Measurements | 1.75 | 458 |