Measuring military university Students’ motivational goals in the domain of physical exercise

Factor	Item

	α	λ	r_cit	Original scale
Two-dimensional model (58.1% of variance explained), goodness-of-fit χ²/df=160.3/34,p<0.001
Factor 1	0.89
26. To develop as much as possible is an important goal for me in my training.		0.85	0.75	Mast-int
4. An important goal for me is to get good results in sports.		0.84	0.78	Mast-ext
28. Getting good results is important for me.		0.82	0.74	Mast-ext
34. My goal is to do well in training.		0.79	0.73	Mast-ext
11. I train to improve and develop my fitness level.		0.72	0.68	Mast-int
17. To develop is an important goal for me in my training.		0.64	0.60	Mast-int
Factor 2	0.81
24. It is important for me not to fail in front of other people when I exercise.		0.82	0.72	Perf-avo
9. I try to avoid situations in training in which I might look less fit or weak.		0.82	0.65	Perf-avo
16. I try to avoid situations in training in which I might fail or make mistakes.		0.82	0.64	Perf-avo
29. It is important for me that others think that I am competent and fit.		0.50	0.52	Perf-appr
22. It feels really good if I manage to show others that I am really fit.		0.48	0.50	Perf-appr
Three-dimensional model (64.6% of variance explained), goodness-of-fit χ²/df=16.6/12,p=0.166
Factor 1	0.87
16. I try to avoid situations in training in which I might fail or make mistakes.		0.89	0.77	Perf-avo
9. I try to avoid situations in training in which I might look less fit or weak.		0.79	0.75	Perf-avo
24. It is important for me not to fail in front of other people when I exercise.		0.75	0.71	Perf-avo
Factor 2	0.81
11. I train to improve and develop my fitness level.		0.91	0.76	Mast-int
17. To develop is an important goal for me in my training.		0.87	0.73	Mast-int
26. To develop as much as possible is an important goal for me in my training.		0.65	0.58	Mast-int
Factor 3	0.68
29. It is important for me that others think that I am competent and fit.		0.76	0.61	Perf-appr
1. An important goal for me when I exercise is to do better than other people.		0.60	0.42	Perf-appr
22. It feels really good if I manage to show others that I am really fit.		0.53	0.48	Perf-appr
Reduced four-dimensional model (71.5% of variance explained), goodness-of-fit χ²/df=16.5/11,p=0.123
Factor 1	0.87
28. Getting good results is important for me.		0.89	0.78	Mast-ext
4. An important goal for me is to get good results in sports.		0.78	0.78	Mast-ext
34. My goal is to do well in training.		0.71	0.71	Mast-ext
Factor 2	0.87
16. I try to avoid situations in training in which I might fail or make mistakes.		0.85	0.77	Perf-avo
9. I try to avoid situations in training in which I might look less fit or weak.		0.82	0.75	Perf-avo
24. It is important for me not to fail in front of other people when I exercise.		0.73	0.71	Perf-avo
Factor 3	0.89
11. I train to improve and develop my fitness level.		0.93	0.81*	Mast-int
17. To develop is an important goal for me in my training.		0.75	0.81*	Mast-int
Factor 4	0.70
29. It is important for me that others think that I am competent and fit.		0.76	0.54*	Perf-appr
22. It feels really good if I manage to show others that I am really fit.		0.58	0.54*	Perf-appr

Notes:

Maximum likelihood with varimax rotation.

λ, factor loading;r_cit, corrected item–total correlation; mast-int, mastery-intrinsic orientation; mast-ext, mastery-extrinsic orientation; perf-appr, performance-approach orientation; perf-avo, performance-avoidance orientation.

* As these factors include only two items, the corrected item-total correlation should be interpreted with caution.

Tab. 2

Goodness-of-fit criteria for the compared models.

Model	X²	CFI	SRMR
Measurement (four-dimensional)	156.8 (48)	0.83	0.095
Modified measurement1	100.2 (47)	0.94	0.079
Two-dimensional2	218.2 (43)	0.80	0.122
Modified two-dimensional3	102.3 (51)	0.93	0.108
Three-dimensional4	64.9 (24)	0.93	0.085
Modified three-dimensional5	52.15 (23)	0.95	0.075
Reduced four-dimensional6	153.31 (32)	0.84	0.075
Modified and reduced	57.05 (31)	0.96	0.054
four-dimensional7

Notes: Definitions for modifications of models are as follows:

CFI, comparative fit index; SRMR, standardized root-mean-square residual.

1 The error covariance between one pair of similarly worded items was freed.

2 Combined mastery and performance dimensions.

3 The error covariance between two pairs of similarly worded items was freed.

4 Mastery-extrinsic orientation excluded.

5 The error covariance between one pair of similarly worded items was freed.

6 Excluded one item from mastery-intrinsic and performance-approach dimensions.

7 The error covariance between one pair of similarly worded items was freed.

Tab. 3

Zero-order correlations and descriptive statistics.

	M	SD	1	2		3		4
Two-dimensional solution
1. 2Dmastery orientation	5.92	0.94	–					−
2. 2Dperformance orientation	3.52	1.14	0.13		–
Three-dimensional solution
1. 3Dmastery-intrinsic orientation	6.23	0.85	–
2. 3Dperformance-approach orientation	4.35	1.30	0.32***		–
3. 3Dperformance-avoidance orientation	2.70	1.29	−0.08	0.36***			–
Reduced four-dimensional solution
1. R4Dmastery-intrinsic orientation	6.46	0.82	–
2. R4Dmastery-extrinsic orientation	5.61	1.20	0.54***		–
3. R4Dperformance-approach orientation	4.74	1.41	0.16	0.34***			–
4. R4Dperformance-avoidance orientation	2.70	1.29	−0.15	−0.02		0.45***		–

Notes:

^*p<0.05

^**p<0.01

2D/3D, two-/three-dimensional; R4D, reduced four-dimensional.

*** p<0.001.

References

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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/jms-2016-0001 | Journal eISSN: 1799-3350 | Journal ISSN: 2242-3524

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Language: English

Page range: 1 - 10

Submitted on: Dec 10, 2015

Accepted on: Apr 22, 2016

Published on: Dec 31, 2016

Published by: National Defense University

In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services

Publication frequency: 1 issue per year

Keywords:

motivation,

physical training,

achievement goal orientation,

exploratory factor analysis,

confirmatory factor analysis

Related subjects:

History,

© 2016 Antti-Tuomas Pulkka, published by National Defense University
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 License.

Volume 7 (2016): Issue 1 (December 2016)