Socio-Economic Implications of Female Inclusion in Organizational Structures and in Leadership Positions
References
- Acker, J. (1990), Hierarchies, jobs, bodies: A theory of gendered organizations,&, Vol. 4, No. 2, pp. 139–158.
- Adams, L., Winterbotham, M., Oldfield, K., Large, A., Stuart, A., Murphy, L., Rossiter, H., Selner, S. (2015), Pregnancy and Maternity Related Discrimination and Disadvantage First findings: Surveys of Employers and Mothers, Department for Business, Innovation and Skills,, No. 235, IFF Research.
- Auer, J. J. (1979), The image of the right honorable Margaret Thatcher,, Vol. 30, No. 4, pp. 289–310.
- Bandura, A., Wood, R. (1989), Effect of perceived controllability and performance standards on self-regulation of complex decision making,, Vol. 56, No. 5, pp. 805–814.
- Baker, M., Milligan, K. (2008), How Does Job-Protected Maternity Leave Affect Mothers’ Employment?,, Vol. 26, No. 4, pp. 655–691.
- Berger, L. M., Hill, J., Waldfogel, J. (2005), Maternity leave, early maternal employment and child health and development in the US,, Vol. 115, No. 501, pp. F29‑F47.
- Biddle, B. J. (1986), Recent Developments in Role Theory,, Vol. 12, pp. 67–92.
- Blum, T. C., Fields, D. L., Goodman, J. S. (1994), Organization-level determinants of women in management., Vol. 37, No. 2.
- Bolzendahl, C. I., Myers, D. J. (2004), Feminist attitudes and support for gender equality: Opinion change in women and men, 1974–1998,Vol. 83, No. 2, pp. 759–789.
- Bowcott, O. (2014), Twitter intimidation not taken seriously enough by police, says Stella Creasy,, Sept. 29, 2014.
- Branch, K. (1994), Are Women Worth as Much as Men: Employment Inequities, Gender Roles, and Public Policy,, Vol. 1, No. 119.
- Britton, D. M. (2000), The epistemology of the gendered organization,, 4.3, pp. 418–434.
- Brzezinski, M. (2011),Weinstein Books.
- Businessdictionary (2015),
- Byerly, C. M., Ross, K. (2008),John Wiley & Sons.(1995), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
- Carter, N. M., Wagner, H. M. (2011), The Bottom Line: Corporate Performance and Women’s Representation on Boards (2004–2008),, March 2011, available at:, accessed: retrieved in August, 2015.
- Catalyst (2014),, New York: Catalyst.
- Catalyst (2015),&, New York: Catalyst, April 3, 2015.
- Chickering, A. W. (1969),, Jossey-Bass, San Francisco, CA.
- Corning, P. A. (1995), Synergy and self-organization in the evolution of complex systems,, Vol. 12, No. 2, pp. 89–122.
- Datta Gupta, N., Smith, N., Verner, M. (2008), The impact of Nordic countries’ family friendly policies on employment, wages, and children,, Vol. 6, pp. 65–89.
- Donald, D. A. (2015), 67% of Europeans don’t believe women have the skills to be scientists, Women in Leadership,, September 24, 2015.
- DiMaggio, P. (1994), Culture and Economy, in: Neil Smelser and Richard Swedberg (eds.),, Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ, pp. 27–57.
- Dollar, D., Gatti R., (1999),. Vol. 1. Washington, DC: Development Research Group, The World Bank.
- Drucker, P. F. (1995),, Routledge.
- Drucker, P. F. (2011),Transaction Publishers.
- Eagly, A. H., Kite, M. E. (1987), Are stereotypes of nationalities applied to both women and men?,, Vol. 53, No. 3, pp. 451.
- Eagly, A. H. (1987), Reporting sex differences,, Vol. 42, No. 7, pp. 756–757.
- Eagly, A. H., Karau, S. J. (1991), Gender and the emergence of leaders: A meta-analysis,, Vol. 60, No. 5, pp. 685–710.
- Eagly, A. H. (1997), Sex differences in social behavior: comparing social role theory and evolutionary psychology,, Vol. 52, No. 12, pp. 1380–1383.
- Eagly, A. H., Johannesen-Schmidt, M. C. (2001), The leadership styles of women and men,Vol. 57, No. 4, pp. 781–797.
- Eagly, A. H., Johannesen-Schmidt, M. C., Van Engen, M. L. (2003), Transformational, transactional, and laissez-faire leadership styles: a meta-analysis comparing women and men,Vol. 129, No. 4, pp. 569–591.
- Eagly, A. H., Carli, L. L. (2003), The female leadership advantage: An evaluation of the evidence,, Vol. 14, No. 6, pp. 807–834.
- Eagly, A. H. (2004), Few women at the top: How role incongruity produces prejudice and the glass ceiling, in: D. van Knippenberg,, M. A. Hogg. (eds.),Sage Publications, London, pp. 79–93.
- Eagly, A. H., Carli, L. L. (2007), Women and the labyrinth of leadership,, Vol. 85, No. 9, pp. 62–82.
- Eagly, A. H. (2009), The his and hers of prosocial behavior: an examination of the social psychology of gender,, Vol. 64, No. 8, pp. 644–658.
- Eccles, J. S. (1994), Understanding women’s educational and occupational choices,, Vol. 18, No. 4, pp. 585–609.
- Ely, R. J. (1994), The effects of organizational demographics and social identity on relationships among professional women,Vol. 39, No. 2, pp. 203–238.
- Ely, R. J. (1995), The power in demography: Women’s social constructions of gender identity at work”,, Vol. 38, No. 3, pp. 589–634.
- Ely, R. J., Meyerson, D. E. (2000), Advancing gender equity in organizations: The challenge and importance of maintaining a gender narrative,, Vol. 7, No. 4, pp. 589–608.
- Ely, R. J., Ibarra, H., Kolb, D. M. (2011), Taking gender into account: Theory and design for women’s leadership development programs,Vol. 10, No. 3, pp. 474–493.
- Ely, R. J., Thomas, D. A. (2001), Cultural diversity at work: The effects of diversity perspectives on work group processes and outcomes,Vol. 46, No. 2, pp. 229–273.
- Ely, R., Padavic, I. (2007), A feminist analysis of organizational research on sex differences,, Vol. 32, No. 4, pp. 1121–1143.
- Ely, R., Ibarra, H., Kolb, D. (2011), Taking Gender Into Account. Theory and Design for Women’s Leadership Development Programs,, Vol. 10, No. 3, pp. 474–493.
- Eurostat (2014),, available at:
- Fausto-Sterling, A. (2008),, Basic Books.
- Fortune (2014),, available at:, accessed: August 2015.
- Giddens, A. (1971),Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
- Garcia-Retamero, R., López-Zafra, E. (2006), Prejudice against women in male-congenial environments: Perceptions of gender role congruity in leadership,Vol. 55, No. 1–2, pp. 51–61.
- Giddens, A. (1984),University of California Press.
- Giddens, A. (1991),, Stanford University Press.
- Giddens, A., Duneier, M., Appelbaum, R. P., et al. (2000),, New York, WW Norton.
- Giddens, A. (2002)., Profile Books.
- Giddens, A. (2004), Beneath the hijab: A woman,, Vol. 21, No. 2, pp. 9–11.
- Giddens, A. (2013),, John Wiley & Sons.
- Goldschmidt-Clermont, L. (1982),, International Labour Office, Geneva, Switzerland.
- Grampp, W. D. (2000), What did Smith mean by the invisible hand?,, Vol. 108, No. 3, pp. 441–465.
- Gratton, L., Erickson, T. J. (2007), Eight ways to build collaborative teams,, Vol. 85, No. 11, pp. 100–109.
- Humbert, A. L., Ivaškaitė-Tamošiūnė, V., Oetke, N., Paats, M. (2015), Gender Equality Index 2015 – Measuring gender equality in the European Union 2005–2012, European Institute for Gender Equality.
- Humphries, J. (1995) Economics, Gender and Equal Opportunities, in: J. Humphries, J. Rubery (eds.),Equality Commission, Manchester, UK.
- Hofstede, G., Hofstede, G. J., Minkov, M. (1997),, McGraw Hill, New York, NY.
- Hymowitz, C., Schellhardt, T. D. (1986), The Glass Ceiling: Why Women Can’t Seem to Break The Invisible
- Barrier That Blocks Them From the Top Jobs,, March 1986.
- Ibarra, H. (1993), Personal networks of women and minorities in management: A conceptual framework,, Vol. 18, No. 1, pp. 56–87.
- Ibarra, H. (1995), Race, opportunity, and diversity of social circles in managerial networks,, Vol. 38, No. 3, pp. 673–703.
- Ibarra, H. (2005), Identity transitions: possible selves, liminality and the dynamics of career change, INSEAD.
- Ibarra, H., Wittman, S., Petriglieri, G., Day, D. V. (2014), Leadership and Identity: An Examination of Three
- Theories and New Research Directions, in: D. V. Day (ed.),, Oxford Library of Psychology, Oxford University Press, USA, pp. 285–300.
- ILO International Labour Organization (2014), Global Employment Trends 2014: Risk of a jobless recovery? accessed: in January 2015.
- Kelly, E., Dobbin, F. (1999), Civil rights law at work: Sex discrimination and the rise of maternity leave policies,, Vol. 105, No. 2, pp. 455–92.
- Kim, D. H., Senge, P. M. (1994), Putting systems thinking into practice,, Vol. 10, No. 2–3, pp. 277–290.
- Komives, S. R., et al. (2005), Developing a leadership identity: A grounded theory,Vol. 46, No. 6, pp. 593–611.
- Lerner, M. J., Miller, D. T. (1978), Just world research and the attribution process: Looking back and ahead,, Vol. 85, No. 5, pp. 1030.
- Lewis, J. E. (1993),, Edward Elgar Pub.
- L’Oreal Foundation (2015), Women in Science Report 2015, available at:
- Lyness, K. S., et al. (1999), Work and pregnancy: Individual and organizational factors influencing organizational commitment, timing of maternity leave, and return to work,, Vol. 41, No. 7–8, pp. 485–508.
- Marx, K., McLellan, D. (2000),, Oxford University Press.
- Mead, G. H. (1934),, University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL.
- McKinsey and Company (2007), Women Matter: Gender Diversity, a corporate performance driver, McKinsey and Company – France, available at:
- Miller, A. S., Hoffmann, J. P. (1995), Risk and religion: An explanation of gender differences in religiosity,, Vol. 34, No. 1, pp. 63–75.
- Morgan, N. (2015), Speech at, 27 February 2015 (speech transcript), available at:
- Myers, L. W. (2002),, Greenwood Publishing Group.
- Mitchell, M. (2009),Oxford University Press: New York, NY.
- OECD (2012),, Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), available at:
- O’Neill, J., Polachek, S. (1993), Why the gender gap in wages narrowed in the 1980 s,, Vol. 11, No. 1, pp. 205–228.
- Oxford (2015) Oxford University Press, Online Dictionary.
- Ozorak, E. W. (1996), The power, but not the glory: How women empower themselves through religion,, Vol. 35, pp. 17–29.
- Pettigrew, T. F. (1979), The ultimate attribution error: Extending Allport’s cognitive analysis of prejudice,, Vol. 5, No. 4, pp. 461–476.
- Pinker, S. (2011),, Viking, New York, NY.
- Plantenga, J., Remery, R. (2008),, Co-ordinators’ synthesis report prepared for the Equality Unit, European Commission.
- Rubery, J., Figueiredo, H., Smith, M., Grimshaw, D., Fagan, C. (2004), The ups and downs of European gender equality policy,Vol. 35, No. 6, pp. 603–628.
- Samans, R., Blanke, J., Corrigan, G., Drzeniek, M. (2015),, World Economic Forum, available at:
- Sandberg, S. (2013),Random House.
- Sapienza, P., Zingales, L., Guiso, L. (2006), Does culture affect economic outcomes?,, Vol. 20, No. 2, pp. 23–48.
- Schwab, S. (1986), Is Statistical Discrimination Efficient?,, Vol. 76, No. 1, pp. 228–234.
- Schwartz, F. N. (1989), Management women and the new facts of life,, Vol. 89, pp. 65–76.
- Senge, P. M. (1990),, Doubleday/Currency.
- Senge, P. M. (1994), Learning to Alter Mental Models: Learning accelerates as managers change their mental models., Vol. 11, pp. 16–17.
- Senge, P. M. (1999), Leadership in living organizations, in: F. Hesselbein, et al., (eds.),. Jossey-Bass, New York.
- Senge, P. M. (2002), The Leader’s New Work: Building Learning Organizations,, Vol. 32, No. 1, pp. 7–23.
- Senge, P. M. (2014),, Currency/Doubleday, New York.
- Sherif, M., Hovland, C. I. (1961),, Greenwood, Westport.
- Sherif, C. W. (1982), Needed concepts in the study of gender identity,Vol. 6, No. 4, pp. 375–398.
- Smith, A. (2010),, Penguin, New York.
- Smith, E. (2007),, Third Edition, Psychology Press, New York.
- Smith, M., Bettio, F. (2008),, European Commission’s Network of Experts on Employment and Gender Equality issues (EGGE) report, European Union, available at:
- Spencer, S. J., Steele, C. M., Quinn, D. M. (1999), Stereotype threat and women’s math performance,, Vol. 35, No. 1, pp. 4–28.
- Tajfel, H. (1974), Social identity and intergroup behaviour,, Vol. 13, No. 2, pp. 65–93.
- Tajfel, H., Turner, J. C. (1979), An Integrative Theory of Intergroup Conflict, in: W. G. Austin, S. Worchel (eds.),Brooks-Cole, Monterey, CA.
- Tajfel, H. (1982), Social psychology of intergroup relations,, Vol. 33, No. 1, pp. 1–39.
- Tajfel, H. (2010),Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
- The World Bank (2012),, available at:
- The World Bank (2015),, available at:, accessed: September 2015.
- UN (1995),, The Fourth World Conference on Women, Beijing, China, September 1995, available at:
- UNW (2015),, United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women, available at:
- World Bank Gender Data Portal (2015), available at:, accessed: September, 2015.
- United States Census Bureau (2015),, accessed: September 2015, available at:
- Waldfogel, J. (1997), The effect of children on women’s wages,, Vol. 62, No. 2, pp. 209–217.
- Worldometers (2015), available at:
- Weber, M., Gerth, H. H., Mills, C. W. (1946),, Oxford University Press, New York.
- Wiesner, Merry E. (2000),Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/ijme-2016-0006 | Journal eISSN: 2543-5361 (formerly 2299-9701) | Journal ISSN: 2299-9701
Language: English
Page range: 106 - 134
Published on: Apr 18, 2016
Published by: SGH Warsaw School of Economics
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Publication frequency: 4 issues per year
Related subjects:
© 2016 Alexandra E. Krawiec, published by SGH Warsaw School of Economics
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 License.