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“Variation factor” of wood burning products from furnace experiments with estimated 95% confidence intervals*_
| Variation factor ΔC (‰) | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Temperature experiment | |||
| Beech: | „Charcoal” | Oil | Acid |
| 200°C | 0.16 ± 0.26 | 0.97 ± 0.29 | |
| 300°C | 0.12 ± 0.25 | 0.77 ± 0.23 | –2.38 ± 0.35 |
| 400°C | –0.54 ± 0.26 | 1.13 ± 0.33 | 3.12 ± 0.54 |
| 500°C | –0.58 ± 0.26 | 0.08 ± 0.28 | –0.40 ± 0.27 |
| 600°C | –0.91 ± 0.26 | –1.30 ± 0.28 | |
| Pine: | |||
| 200°C | 0.21 ± 0.18 | ||
| 300°C | –0.07 ± 0.24 | 2.44 ± 0.28 | |
| 350°C | 2.30 ± 0.22 | ||
| 400°C | –0.76 ± 0.19 | 1.81 ± 0.26 | |
| 500°C | –0.92 ± 0.27 | 1.29 ± 0.27 | |
| 600°C | –0.86 ± 0.21 | 1.27 ± 0.20 | |
| Oak: | |||
| 200°C | 0.43 ± 0.36 | –0.32 ± 0.39 | |
| 300°C | 0.61 ± 0.36 | 1.76 ± 0.37 | –0.16 ± 0.42 |
| 400°C | 0.19 ± 0.36 | 1.31 ± 0.31 | |
| 500°C | 0.01 ± 0.35 | 1.48 ± 0.32 | |
| 600°C | 0.06 ± 0.36 | 0.64 ± 0.37 | |
| Fossil oak: | |||
| 200°C | –0.16 ± 0.28 | –2.48 ± 0.22 | 0.40 ± 0.28 |
| 300°C | –0.43 ± 0.28 | 2.73 ± 0.29 | –0.81 ± 1.73 |
| 400°C | –0.93 ± 0.28 | 0.94 ± 0.56 | –0.23 ± 0.28 |
| 500°C | –2.64 ± 0.29 | –2.21 ± 0.28 | |
| 600°C | –3.88 ± 0.29 | ||
| –2.22 ± 0.28 | |||
| (after 60 minutes marked as t’) –1.14 ± 0.28 (after 120 minutes marked as t’’) | |||
Differences in energies and entropy of reactants and products for reactions 3_2–3_5 (in kJ/mol and J/mol·K, respectively) for temperatures of 27°C (300 K) and 427°C (700 K) recalculated for one carbon atom, along with equilibrium constants_
| reaction | temperature (°C) | ΔEZPE* | ΔEthermal** | ΔGthermal*** | ΔS**** | K***** |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 27 | 0.02998 | 0.03427 | 0.06128 | –0.08033 | 24.87 | |
| (3.2 – CO2) | 427 | 0.02998 | 0.08385 | 0.07265 | 0.01423 | 12.56 |
| 27 | –0.13872 | –0.08699 | –0.02306 | –0.21004 | –9.20 | |
| (3.3 – formaldehyde) | 427 | –0.13872 | –0.00577 | 0.01466 | –0.02761 | 2.52 |
| 27 | –0.10346 | –0.05799 | –0.00923 | –0.15648 | –3.69 | |
| (3.4 – glycoaldehyde) | 427 | –0.10346 | 0.00692 | 0.02142 | –0.01799 | 3.69 |
| 27 | –0.08424 | –0.06414 | –0.03097 | –0.39204 | –12.34 | |
| (3.5 – acetone) | 427 | –0.08424 | –0.02422 | –0.00730 | –0.52635 | –1.25 |
Basic data of wood samples_
| Wood | Sample | Locality | Cut date | Coordinates | Growth (A.periodD.) a | Nb Mean (‰VPDB) δ13C |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pine | S2 | Siedlce | 2014, March | 52°10′00″N 22°16′30″E | 2013–2001 | 30 –26.5 ± 0.2 |
| Oak | D1 | Ojców | 2014, October | 50°12′24″N 19°49′45″E | 2009–2001 | 30 –27.4 ± 0.3 |
| Beech | B1 | Błonie | 2014, November | 52°11′48″N 20°37′01″E | 2009–2001 | 30 –24.7 ± 0.2 |
| Fossil oak |
“Variation factor” of wood burning products from combustion chamber experiments with estimated 95% confidence intervals*_
| Variation factor ΔC (‰) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Beech | Pinus | Oak | Fossil oak | |
| S0 (no pretreatment) | –0.50 ± 0.26 | 0.39 ± 0.28 | 0.80 ± 0.35 | –0.49 ± 0.21 |
| S1 (pretreated with HCl) | –0.44 ± 0.22 | 0.22 ± 0.28 | 0.58 ± 0.35 | –0.46 ± 0.21 |
| S2 (pretreated with HCl and HF) | –0.35 ± 0.25 | 0.45 ± 0.28 | 0.89 ± 0.36 | –0.42 ± 0.21 |
| Charcoal | –0.79 ± 0.26 | –1.54 ± 0.28 | –0.13 ± 0.36 | |
| Ash | –2.53 ± 0.25 | –0.66 ± 0.28 | 0.14 ± 0.36 | –0.69± 0.23 |
| CO2 | –0.21 ± 0.28 | 0.90 ± 0.38 | 1.05 ± 0.50 | 3.39 ± 0.21 |