Figure 1
Demographic characteristics of the participants (n=429)
| Characteristics | n (%) |
|---|---|
| Gender | |
| Male | 50 (11.7) |
| Female | 379 (88.3) |
| Grade | |
| 1 | 105 (24.5) |
| 2 | 105 (24.5) |
| 3 | 132 (30.8) |
| 4 | 87 (20.3) |
| Living location | |
| City | 103 (24) |
| Town | 118 (27.5) |
| Village | 208 (48.5) |
| Satisfaction with major | |
| Very much | 19 (4.4) |
| Prefer | 202 (47.0) |
| No feeling | 185 (43.1) |
| Hate | 23 (5.4) |
| Satisfaction with teaching methods | |
| Satisfied | 17 (3.9) |
| Relatively satisfied | 265 (61.8) |
| Uncertain | 80 (18.6) |
| Less satisfied | 59 (13.8) |
| Very dissatisfied | 8 (1.9) |
| Learning difficulties | |
| No difficulties | 288 (67.1) |
| Have little | 130 (30.3) |
| Have more | 11 (2.6) |
Mediating effect of academic self-efficacy on the relationship between self-directed learning readiness and problem-solving ability (N = 429)
| Dependent variable | Independent variable | t | B | R2 | Adjusted R2 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Academic self-efficacy | Self-directed learning readiness | 17.99 P <0.001. | 0.657 | 0.431 | 0.430 |
| Problem-solving ability | Academic self-efficacy | 10.90 P <0.001. | 0.467 | 0.218 | 0.216 |
| Problem-solving ability | Self-directed learning readiness | 11.72 P <0.001. | 0.493 | 0.243 | 0.242 |
| Problem-solving ability | Self-directed learning readiness | 6.027 P <0.001. | 0.329 | 0.279 | 0.276 |
| Academic self-efficacy | 4.598 P <0.001. | 0.251 |
Pearson correlation coefficients of the variables (N = 429)
| Order | Item | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | SM | 1 | ||||||||||||
| 2 | DL | 0.537 P <.001. | 1 | |||||||||||
| 3 | SC | 0.616 P <.001. | 0.673 P <.001. | 1 | ||||||||||
| 4 | Total SDLR | 0.849 P <.001. | 0.838 P <.001. | 0.890 P <.001. | 1 | |||||||||
| 5 | NPO | 0.210 P <.001. | 0.163 P <.001. | 0.219 P <.001. | 0.232 P <.001. | 1 | ||||||||
| 6 | RPS | 0.285 P <.001. | 0.393 P <.001. | 0.413 P <.001. | 0.420 P <.001. | –0.37 | 1 | |||||||
| 7 | PPO | 0.365 P <.001. | 0.502 P <.001. | 0.528 P <.001. | 0.537 P <.001. | 0.118 P <.001. | –0.58 P <.001. | 1 | ||||||
| 8 | AS | 0.294 P <.001. | 0.313 P <.001. | –0.28 P <.001. | 0.346 P <.001. | 0.53 P <.001. | 0.125 P <.001. | 0.266 P <.001. | 1 | |||||
| 9 | ICS | 0.00 | 0.063 | –0.024 | 0.012 | 0.270 P <.001. | 0.004 | 0.01 | 0.379 P <.001. | 1 | ||||
| 10 | Total PSA | 0.376 P <.001. | 0.452 P <.001. | 0.451 P <.001. | 0.493 P <.001. | 0.660 P <.001. | 0.481 P <.001. | 0.592 P <.001. | 0.808 P <.001. | 0.520 P <.001. | 1 | |||
| 11 | ASE | 0.507 P <.001. | 0.431 P <.001. | 0.540 P <.001. | 0.576 P <.001. | 0.201 P <.001. | 0.353 P <.001. | 0.422 P <.001. | 0.173 P <.001. | –0.067 | 0.339 P <.001. | 1 | ||
| 12 | BSE | 0.557 P <.001. | 0.490 P <.001. | 0.509 P <.001. | 0.606 P <.001. | 0.291 P <.001. | 0.308 P <.001. | 0.432 P <.001. | 0.379 P <.001. | 0.134 P <.001. | 0.499 P <.001. | 0.621 P <.001. | 1 | |
| 13 | Total academic self–efficacy | 0.591 P <.001. | 0.512 P <.001. | 0.582 P <.001. | 0.657 P <.001. | 0.274 P <.001. | 0.366 P <.001. | 0.474 P <.001. | 0.308 P <.001. | 0.039 | 0.467 P <.001. | 0.898 P <.001. | 0.903 P <.001. | 1 |