Have a personal or library account? Click to login
Radiology of the adrenal incidentalomas. Review of the literature Cover

Radiology of the adrenal incidentalomas. Review of the literature

Open Access
|Feb 2017

References

  1. Abrams HL, Siegelman SS, Adams DF, Sanders R, Finberg HJ, Hessel SJ, McNeil BJ. Computed tomography versus ultrasound of the adrenal gland: a prospective study. Radiology 143, 121-128, 1982.10.1148/radiology.143.1.70637137063713
  2. Adusumilli S, Ramchandani P. Adrenal myelolipoma. eMedicine - Radiology online: www.emedicine.com/radio/topic18.htm
  3. Allolio B. Adrenal incidentalomas. In: Contemporary Endocrinology: Adrenal Disorders (Eds. Margioriss AN, Chrousos GP), pp. 249-261, Springer-Science+Business Media, New York, 2001.10.1007/978-1-59259-101-5_18
  4. Anagnostis P, Karagiannis A, Tziomalos K, Kakafi ka AI, Athyros VG, Mikhailidis DP. Adrenal incidentaloma: a diagnostic challenge. Hormones (Athens) 8, 163-184, 2009.10.14310/horm.2002.123319671516
  5. Anderson WAD. In Pathology. Vol. I. Ed. 6. Th e C. V. Mosby Co., St. Louis; 819-820, 1971.
  6. Angeli A, Terzolo M. Adrenal incidentaloma--a modern disease with old complications. Th e J Clin Endocrinol Met 87, 4869, 2002.10.1210/jc.2002-02143612414840
  7. Barzon L, Sonino N, Fallo F, Palu G, Boscaro M. Prevalence and natural history of adrenal incidentalomas. Eur J Endocrinol 149, 273-285, 2003.10.1530/eje.0.149027314514341
  8. Bednarczuk T, Bolanowski M, Sworczak K, Gornicka B, Cieszanowski A, Otto M, Ambroziak U, Pachucki J, Kubicka E, Babinska A, Koperski L, Januszewicz A, Prejbisz A, Gorska M, Jarzab B, Hubalewska-Dydejczyk A, Glinicki P, Ruchala M, Kasperlik-Zaluska A. Adrenal incidentaloma in adults-management recommendations by the Polish Society of Endocrinology. Endokrynol Pol 67, 234-258, 2016.10.5603/EP.a2016.003927082051
  9. Bessell-Browne R, O’Malley ME. CT of pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma: risk of adverse events with i.v. administration of nonionic contrast material. ARJ Am J Roentgenol 188, 970-974, 2007.10.2214/AJR.06.082717377032
  10. Birnholz JC. Ultrasound imaging of adrenal mass lesions. Radiology 109, 163-166, 1973.10.1148/109.1.1634783118
  11. Blake MA, Krishnamoorthy SK, Boland GW, Sweeney AT, Pitman MB, Harisinghani M, Mueller PR, Hahn PF. Low-density pheochromocytoma on CT: a mimicker of adrenal adenoma. AJR Am J Roentgenol 181, 1663-1668, 2003.10.2214/ajr.181.6.181166314627592
  12. Blake MA, Cronin CG, Boland GW. Adrenal imaging. AJR Am J Roentgenol 194, 1450-1460, 2010.10.2214/AJR.10.454720489083
  13. Bley TA, Wieben O, Francois CJ, Brittain JH, Reeder SB. Fat and water magnetic resonance imaging. J Magn Reson Imaging 31, 4-18, 2010.10.1002/jmri.2189520027567
  14. Block MB, Roberts JP, Kadair RG, Seyfer AE, Hull SF, Nofeldt FD. Multiple endocrine adenomatosis type IIb. Diagnosis and treatment. JAMA 234, 710-714, 1975.10.1001/jama.234.7.710
  15. Boland GW, Goldberg MA, Lee MJ, Mayo-Smith WW, Dixon J, McNicholas MM, Mueller PR. Indeterminate adrenal mass in patients with cancer: evaluation at PET with 2-[F-18]-fl uoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose. Radiology 194, 131-134, 1995.10.1148/radiology.194.1.79975397997539
  16. Boland GW, Lee M, Gazelle GS, Halpern EF, McNicholas MM, Mueller PR. Characterization of adrenal masses using unenhanced CT: an analysis of the CT literature. AJR Am J Roentgenol 171, 201-204, 1998.10.2214/ajr.171.1.96487899648789
  17. Boland GW, Blake MA, Hahn PF, Mayo-Smith WW. Incidental adrenal lesions: principles, techniques, and algorithms for imaging characterization. Radiology 249, 756-775, 2008.10.1148/radiol.249307097619011181
  18. Boland GW. Adrenal imaging: why, when, what, and how? Part 3. Th e algorithmic approach to defi nitive characterization of the adrenal incidentaloma. AJR Am J Roentgenol 196, W109-W111, 2011.10.2214/AJR.10.420621257849
  19. Boland GW, Dwamena BA, Jagtiani Sangwaiya M, Goehler AG, Blake MA, Hahn PF, Scott JA, Kalra MK. Characterization of adrenal masses by using FDG PET: a systematic review and meta-analysis of diagnostic test performance. Radiology 259, 117-126, 2011.10.1148/radiol.1110056921330566
  20. Bowerman RA, Silver TM, Jaff e MH, Stuck KJ, Hinerman DL. Sonography of adrenal pheochromocytomas. AJR Am J Roentgenol 137, 1227-1231, 1981.10.2214/ajr.137.6.12276976097
  21. Bulow B, Jansson S, Juhlin C, Steen L, Th oren M, Wahrenberg H, Valdemarsson S, Wangberg B, Ahren B. Adrenal incidentaloma - follow-up results from a Swedish prospective study. Eur J Endocrinol 154, 419-423, 2006.10.1530/eje.1.0211016498055
  22. Caoili EM, Korobkin M, Francis IR, Cohan RH, Dunnick NR. Delayed enhanced CT of lipid-poor adrenal adenomas. AJR Am J Roentgenol 175, 1411-1415, 2000.10.2214/ajr.175.5.175141111044054
  23. Cheema P, Cartagena R, Staubitz W. Adrenal cysts: diagnosis and treatment. J Urol 126, 396-399, 1981.10.1016/S0022-5347(17)54542-5
  24. Chidiac RM, Aron DC. Incidentalomas: a disease of modern technology. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 26, 233-253, 1997.10.1016/S0889-8529(05)70242-5
  25. Cho YY, Suh S, Joung JY, Jeong H, Je D, Yoo H, Park TK, Min YK, Kim KW, Kim JH. Clinical characteristics and follow-up of Korean patients with adrenal incidentalomas. Korean J Int Med 28, 557-5564, 2013.10.3904/kjim.2013.28.5.557
  26. Conder G, Rendle J, Kidd S, Misra RR. A-Z of Abdominal Radiology. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 2009. www.cambridge.org/978052170014610.1017/CBO9780511575792
  27. Cyran KM, Kenney PJ, Memel DS, Yacoub I. Adrenal myelolipoma. AJR Am J Roentgenol 166, 395-400, 1996.10.2214/ajr.166.2.8553954
  28. Defechereux T, Degauque C, Hamoir E, Lamberty G, Preud’homme L, Meurisse M. [Discordance between actual and radiologically estimated size of an incidentaloma. Delay in questions regarding operative decision-making criteria.] Ann Chir 127, 126-129, 2002.10.1016/S0003-3944(01)00705-2
  29. Dobbie J. Adrenocortical nodular hyperplasia: the ageing adrenal. J Pathol 99, 1-18, 1969.10.1002/path.17109901025359219
  30. Dunnick N. Hanson lecture. Adrenal imaging: current status. AJR Am J Roentgenol 154, 927-936, 1990.10.2214/ajr.154.5.21085672108567
  31. Dunnick NR, Korobkin M. Imaging of adrenal incidentalomas: current status. AJR Am J Roentgenol 179, 559-568, 2002.10.2214/ajr.179.3.179055912185019
  32. Eghrari M, McLoughlin MJ, Rosen IE, St Louis EL, Wilson SR, Yeung HP. Th e role of computed tomography in assessment of tumoral pathology of the adrenal glands. J Comput Assist Tomogr 4, 71-77, 1980.10.1097/00004728-198002000-000147354178
  33. Fiebrich HB, Brouwers AH, Kerstens MN, Pijl ME, Kema IP, de Jong JR, Jager PL, Elsinga PH, Dierckx RA, van der Wal JE, Sluiter WJ, de Vries EG, Links TP. 6-[F-18]Fluoro-L-dihydroxyphenylalanine positron emission tomography is superior to conventional imaging with 123I-metaiodobenzylguanidine scintigraphy, computer tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging in localizing tumors causing catecholamine excess. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 94, 3922-3930, 2009.10.1210/jc.2009-1054
  34. Fischman AJ, Babich B, Strauss HW. A ticket to ride: peptide radiopharmaceuticals. J Nucl Med 34, 2253-2253, 1993.
  35. Fontana D, Porpiglia F, Destefanis P, Fiori C, Ali A, Terzolo M, Osella G, Angeli A. What is the role of ultrasonography in the follow-up of adrenal incidentalomas? Th e Gruppo Piemontese Incidentalomi Surrenalici. Urology 54, 612-616, 1999.10.1016/S0090-4295(99)00226-5
  36. Forsythe JR, Gosink BB, Leopold GR. Ultrasound in the evaluation of adrenal metastases. J Clin Ultrasound 5, 31-34, 1977.10.1002/jcu.1870050108402392
  37. Francis IR, Gross MD, Shapiro B, Korobkin M, Quint LE. Integrated imaging of adrenal disease. Radiology 184, 1-13, 1992.10.1148/radiology.184.1.16090631609063
  38. Friedrich-Rust M, Schneider G, Bohle RM, Herrmann E, Sarrazin C, Zeuzem S, Bojunga J. Contrast-enhanced sonography of adrenal masses: diff erentiation of adenomas and nonadenomatous lesions. AJR Am J Roentgenol 191, 1852-1860, 2008.10.2214/AJR.07.356519020259
  39. Fujiyoshi F, Nakajo M, Fukukura Y, Tsuchimochi S. Characterization of adrenal tumors by chemical shift fast lowangle shot MR imaging: comparison of four methods of quantitative evaluation. AJR Am J Roentgenol 180, 1649-1657, 2003.10.2214/ajr.180.6.180164912760936
  40. Funder JW, Carey RM, Fardella C, Gomez-Sanchez CE, Mantero F, Stowasser M, Young WF Jr, Montori VM; Endocrine Society. Case detection, diagnosis, and treatment of patients with primary aldosteronism: an endocrine society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Met 93, 3266-3281, 2008.10.1210/jc.2008-010418552288
  41. Gajraj H, Young AE. Adrenal incidentaloma. Br J Surg 80, 422-426, 1993.10.1002/bjs.18008004058495301
  42. Ghiatas A, Chopra S, Schnitker JB. Is sonographic fl ow imaging useful in the diff erential diagnosis of adrenal masses? Br J Radiol 69, 1005-1008, 1996.10.1259/0007-1285-69-827-10058958016
  43. Goldman HB, Howard RC, Patterson AL. Spontaneous retroperitoneal hemorrhage from a giant adrenal myelolipoma. J Urol 155, 639, 1996.10.1097/00005392-199602000-00066
  44. Grumbach MM, Biller BM, Braunstein GD, Campbell KK, Carney JA, Godley PA, Harris EL, Lee JK, Oertel YC, Posner MC, Schlechte JA, Wieand HS. Management of the clinically inapparent adrenal mass (“incidentalomas”). Ann Int Med 138, 424-429, 2003.10.7326/0003-4819-138-5-200303040-00013
  45. Haider MA, Ghai S, Jhaveri K, Lockwood G. Chemical shift MR imaging of hyperattenuating (>10 HU) adrenal masses: does it still have a role? Radiology 231, 711-716, 2004.10.1148/radiol.2313030676
  46. Herr K, Muglia VF, Koff WJ, Westphalen AC. Imaging of the adrenal gland lesions. Radiol Bras 47, 228-39, 2014.10.1590/0100-3984.2013.1762
  47. Herrera M, Grant C, van Heerden JA, Sheedy PF, Ilstrup DM. Incidentally discovered adrenal tumors: an institutional perspective. Surgery 110, 1014-1021, 1991.
  48. Hofer M. Kidneys and Adrenal Glands. Ultrasound Teaching Manual Hofer, Matthias, Th ieme, 37-50, 1999.
  49. Hornsby PJ. Aging of the human adrenal cortex. Ageing Res Rev 1, 229-242, 2002.10.1016/S1568-1637(01)00007-1
  50. Ilias I, Sahdev A, Reznek RH, Grossman AB, Pacak K. Th e optimal imaging of adrenal tumours: a comparison of diff erent methods. Endocr Relat Cancer 14, 587-599, 2007.10.1677/ERC-07-004517914090
  51. Jain SM. Adrenal incidentaloma: A puzzle for clinician. Indian J Endocrinol Metab 17, S59-S63, 2013.10.4103/2230-8210.119507383036924251222
  52. Kahn SL, Angle JF. Adrenal vein sampling. Tech Vasc Interv Radiol 13, 110-125, 2010.10.1053/j.tvir.2010.02.00620540920
  53. Kanagarajah P, Ayyathurai R, Manoharan M, Narayanan G, Kava BR. Current concepts in the management of adrenal incidentalomas. Urol Ann 4, 137-144, 2012.10.4103/0974-7796.102657351910323248518
  54. Karstaedt N, Sagel SS, Stanley RJ, Melson GL, Levitt RG. Computed tomography of the adrenal gland. Radiology 129, 723-730, 1978.10.1148/129.3.723725049
  55. Kasperlik-Zaluska AA, Slowinska-Srzednicka J, Rosłonowska E, Kochman M, Jeske W, Otto M, Cichocki A, Slapa RZ, Zgliczynski W. Bilateral, incidentally found adrenal tumours-results of observation of 1,790 patients registered at a single endocrinological centre. Endokrynol Pol 61, 69-73, 2010.
  56. Kawashima A, Sandler CM, Ernst RD, Takahashi N, Roubidoux MA, Goldman SM, Fishman EK, Dunnick NR. Imaging of nontraumatic hemorrhage of the adrenal gland. Radiographics 19, 949-963, 1999.10.1148/radiographics.19.4.g99jl1394910464802
  57. Khurana A, Kaur P, Chauhan AK, Kataria SP, Bansal N. Primary non Hodgkin’s lymphoma of left adrenal gland-“A rare presentation. J Clin Diagn Res 9, XD01-XD03, 201510.7860/JCDR/2015/8079.5745
  58. Kim J, Bae KH, Choi YK, Jeong JY, Park KG, Kim JG, Lee IK. Clinical characteristics for 348 patients with adrenal incidentaloma. Endocrinol Metab 28, 20-25, 2013.10.3803/EnM.2013.28.1.20
  59. Korobkin M. CT Characterization of adrenal masses: the time has come. Radiology 217, 629-632, 2000.10.1148/radiology.217.3.r00dc52629
  60. Korobkin M, White E, Kressel HY, Moss AA, Montagne JP. Computed tomography in the diagnosis of adrenal disease. AJR Am J Roentgenol 132, 231-238, 1979.10.2214/ajr.132.2.231
  61. Krestin GP, Steinbrich W, Friedmann G. Adrenal masses: evaluation with fast gradient-echo MR imaging and Gd- DTPA-enhanced dynamic studies. Radiology 171, 675-680, 1989.10.1148/radiology.171.3.2717737
  62. Kurtaran A, Traub T, Shapiro B. Scintigraphic imaging of the adrenal glands. Eur J Radiol 41, 123-130, 2002.10.1016/S0720-048X(01)00442-9
  63. Lam K, Lo C. Metastatic tumours of the adrenal glands: a 30-year experience in a teaching hospital. Clin Endocrinol 56, 95-101, 2002.10.1046/j.0300-0664.2001.01435.x11849252
  64. Lamberts SW, Krenning EP, Reubi JC. Th e role of somatostatin and its analogs in the diagnosis and treatment of tumors. Endocr Rev 12, 450-482, 1991.10.1210/edrv-12-4-4501684746
  65. Launay N, Silvera S, Tenenbaum F, Groussin L, Tissier F, Audureau E, Vignaux O, Dousset B, Bertagna X, Legmann P. Value of 18-F-FDG PET/CT and CT in the diagnosis of indeterminate adrenal masses. Int J Endocrinol 2015, 213875, 2015.10.1155/2015/213875433327125722719
  66. Lee JE, Evans DB, Hickey RC, Sherman SI, Gagel RF, Abbruzzese MC, Abbruzzese JL. Unknown primary cancer presenting as an adrenal mass: frequency and implications for diagnostic evaluation of adrenal incidentalomas. Surgery 124, 1115-1122, 1998.10.1067/msy.1998.920099854592
  67. Lee JK, Sagel SS, Stanley RJ, Heiken JP. Computed body tomography with MRI correlation. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 1998.
  68. Leung K, Stamm M, et al. Pheochromocytoma: the range of appearances on ultrasound, CT, MRI, and functional imaging. Am J Roentgenol 200, 370-378, 2013.10.2214/AJR.12.9126
  69. Linos DA. Adrenal incidentaloma (adrenaloma). Hormones (Athens) 2, 12-21, 2003.10.14310/horm.2002.1178
  70. Lockhart ME, Smith JK, Kenney PJ. Imaging of adrenal masses. Eur J Radiol 41, 95-112, 2002.10.1016/S0720-048X(01)00444-2
  71. Ma J. Dixon techniques for water and fat imaging. J Magn Reson Imaging 28, 543-558, 2008.10.1002/jmri.21492
  72. Mansmann G, Lau J, Balk E, Rothberg M, Miyachi Y, Bornstein SR. Th e clinically inapparent adrenal mass: update in diagnosis and management. Endocr Rev 25, 309-340, 2004.10.1210/er.2002-0031
  73. Mantero F, Terzolo M, Arnaldi G, Osella G, Masini AM, Ali A, Giovagnetti M, Opocher G, Angeli A. A survey on adrenal incidentaloma in Italy. Study Group on Adrenal Tumors of the Italian Society of Endocrinology. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 85, 637-644, 2000.10.1210/jcem.85.2.6372
  74. Mattsson C, Young WF. Primary aldosteronism: diagnostic and treatment strategies. Nat Clin Pract Nephrol 2, 198-208, 2006.10.1038/ncpneph0151
  75. Maurea S, Klain M, Mainolfi C, Ziviello M, Salvatore M. Th e diagnostic role of radionuclide imaging in evaluation of patients with nonhypersecreting adrenal masses. J Nucl Med 42, 884-892, 2001.
  76. Maurea S, Lastoria S, Caraco C, Klain M, Varrella P, Acampa W, Muto P, Salvatore M. Th e role of radiolabeled somatostatin analogs in adrenal imaging. Nucl Med Biol 23, 677-680, 1996.10.1016/0969-8051(96)00065-0
  77. Mayo-Smith WW, Boland GW, Noto RB, Lee MJ. State-of-the-art adrenal imaging. Radiographics 21, 995-1012, 2001.10.1148/radiographics.21.4.g01jl21995
  78. Melby JC, Spark RF, Dale SL, Egdahl RH, Kahn PC. Diagnosis and localization of aldosterone-producing adenomas by adrenal-vein catheterization. Prog Clin Cancer 4, 175-184, 1970.
  79. Melicow MM. One hundred cases of pheochromocytoma (107 tumors) at the Columbian-Presbyterian medical center, 1926-1976. A clinicopathological analysis. Cancer 40, 1987-2004, 1977.10.1002/1097-0142(197711)40:5<;1987::AID-CNCR2820400502>3.0.CO;2-R
  80. Mengozzi G, Rossato D, Bertello C, Garrone C, Milan A, Pagni R, Veglio F, Mulatero P. Rapid cortisol assay during adrenal vein sampling in patients with primary aldosteronism. Clin Chem 53, 1968-1971, 2007.10.1373/clinchem.2007.09208017901112
  81. Miller FH, Wang Y, McCarthy RJ, Yaghmai V, Merrick L, Larson A, Berggruen S, Casalino DD, Nikolaidis P. Utility of diff usion-weighted MRI in characterization of adrenal lesions. AJR Am J Roentgenol 194, W179-W185, 2010.10.2214/AJR.09.289120093571
  82. Mittendorf EA, Evans DB, Lee JE, Perrier ND. Pheochromocytoma: advances in genetics, diagnosis, localization, and treatment. Hematol/Oncol Clin North Am 21, 509-525, 2007.10.1016/j.hoc.2007.04.01217548037
  83. Miyake H, Maeda H, Tashiro M, Suzuki K, Nagatomo H, Aikawa H, Ashizawa A, Iechika S, Moriuchi A. CT of adrenal tumors: frequency and clinical signifi cance of low-attenuation lesions. AJR Am J Roentgenol 152, 1005-1007, 1989.10.2214/ajr.152.5.10052705336
  84. Montagne J, Kressel H, Korobkin M, Moss AA. Computed tomography of the normal adrenal glands. AJR Am J Roentgenol 130, 963-966, 1978.10.2214/ajr.130.5.963417601
  85. Moraitis A, Stratakis C. Adrenocortical causes of hypertension. Int J Hypertens 2011, 624691, 2011.10.4061/2011/624691305702921423682
  86. Newhouse JH, Heff ess CS, Wagner BJ, Imray TJ, Adair CF, Davidson AJ. Large degenerated adrenal adenomas: radiologic- pathologic correlation. Radiology 210, 385-391, 1999.10.1148/radiology.210.2.r99fe1238510207419
  87. NIH Consens State Sci Statements. NIH state-of-the-science statement on management of the clinically inapparent adrenal mass (“incidentaloma”). NIH Consens State Sci Statements 19, 1-25, 2002.
  88. Nurnberg D Szebeni A, Zatura F. Ultrasound of the adrenal glands. In: EFSUMB - European Course Book (Ed. Dietrich ChF), pp. 1-31, 2011.10.37713/ECB21
  89. Pacak K, Wimalawansa SJ. Pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma. Endocr Pract 21, 406-412, 2015.10.4158/EP14481.RA25716634
  90. Paling MR, Abbitt PL, Mugler JP, Brookeman JR. Liver metastases: optimization of MR imaging pulse sequences at 1.0 T. Radiology 167, 695-699, 1988.10.1148/radiology.167.3.33631253363125
  91. Pantalone KM, Gopan T, Remer EM, Faiman C, Ioachimescu AG, Levin HS, Siperstein A, Berber E, Shepardson LB, Bravo EL, Hamrahian AH. Change in adrenal mass size as a predictor of a malignant tumor. Endocr Pract 16, 577-587, 2010.10.4158/EP09351.OR20150023
  92. Papierska L, Cichocki A, Sankowski AJ, Cwikła JB. Adrenal incidentaloma imaging - the fi rst steps in therapeutic management. Polish J Radiol 78, 47-55, 2013.10.12659/PJR.889541390850724505223
  93. Pasternak JD, Seib CD, Seiser N, Tyrell JB, Liu C, Cisco RM, Gosnell JE, Shen WT, Suh I, Duh QY. Diff erences between bilateral adrenal incidentalomas and unilateral lesions. JAMA Surg 150, 974-978, 2015.10.1001/jamasurg.2015.168326200882
  94. Patel J, Davenport MS, Cohan RH, Caoili EM. Can established CT attenuation and washout criteria for adrenal adenoma accurately exclude pheochromocytoma? AJR Am J Roentgenol 201, 122-127, 2013.10.2214/AJR.12.962023789665
  95. Paterson F, Th eodoraki A, Amajuoyi A, Bouloux PM, Maclachlan J, Khoo B. Radiology reporting of adrenal incidentalomas - who requires further testing? Clin Med (Lond) 14, 16-21, 2014.10.7861/clinmedicine.14-1-16587361124532737
  96. Pokharel SS, Macura KJ, Kamel IR, Zaheer A. Current MR imaging lipid detection techniques for diagnosis of lesions in the abdomen and pelvis. Radiographics 33, 681-702, 2013.10.1148/rg.33312506823674769
  97. Popescu A, Saftoiu A. Can elastography replace fi ne needle aspiration? Endosc Ultrasound 3, 109-117, 2014.10.4103/2303-9027.123009406415824955340
  98. Powlson AS, Gurnell M, Brown MJ. Nuclear imaging in the diagnosis of primary aldosteronism. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes 22, 150-156, 2015.10.1097/MED.0000000000000148440507525871964
  99. Rajaratnam A, Waugh J. Adrenal metastases of malignant melanoma: characteristic computed tomography appearances. Australas Radiol 49, 325-329, 2005.10.1111/j.1440-1673.2005.01440.x16026441
  100. Reinig JW, Doppman J, Dwyer AJ, Frank J. MRI of indeterminate adrenal masses. AJR Am J Roentgenol 147, 493-496, 1986.10.2214/ajr.147.3.4933488652
  101. Rossi GP, Ganzaroli C, Miotto D, De Toni R, Palumbo G, Feltrin GP, Mantero F, Pessina AC. Dynamic testing with high-dose adrenocorticotrophic hormone does not improve lateralization of aldosterone oversecretion in primary aldosteronism patients. J Hypertens 24, 371-379, 2006.10.1097/01.hjh.0000202818.10459.9616508586
  102. Rossi GP, Pitter G, Bernante P, Motta R, Feltrin G, Miotto D. Adrenal vein sampling for primary aldosteronism: the assessment of selectivity and lateralization of aldosterone excess baseline and aft er adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) stimulation. J Hypertens 26, 989-997, 2008.10.1097/HJH.0b013e3282f9e66a18398342
  103. Rozenblit A, Morehouse HT, Amis ES Jr. Cystic adrenal lesions: CT features. Radiology 201, 541-548, 1996.10.1148/radiology.201.2.88882558888255
  104. Russell C, Goodacre B, vanSonnenberg E, Orihuela E. Spontaneous rupture of adrenal myelolipoma: spiral CT appearance. Abdom Imaging 25, 431-434, 2000.10.1007/s00261000006110926199
  105. Schteingart D, Doherty G, Gauger PG, Giordano TJ, Hammer GD, Korobkin M, Worden FP. Management of patients with adrenal cancer: recommendations of an international consensus conference. Endocr Relat Cancer 12, 667-680, 2005.10.1677/erc.1.0102916172199
  106. Scully R, Galdabini J, McNeely BU. Case records of the Massachusetts General Hospital. Weekly clinicopathological exercises. Case 17-1978. N Engl J Med 298, 1014-1021, 1978.10.1056/NEJM197805042981810642990
  107. Saftoiu A, Vilma P. Endoscopic ultrasound elastography - a new imaging technique for the visualization of tissue elasticity distribution. J Gastrointestin Liver Dis 15, 161, 2006.
  108. Shulkin BL, Wieland DM, Schwaiger M, Thompson NW, Francis IR, Haka MS, Rosenspire KC, Shapiro B, Sisson JC, Kuhl DE. PET scanning with hydroxyephedrine: an approach to the localization of pheochromocytoma. J Nucl Med 33, 1125-1131, 1992.
  109. Shuman W, Baron R, Peters MJ, Tazioli PK. Comparison of STIR and spin-echo MR imaging at 1.5 T in 90 lesions of the chest, liver, and pelvis. AJR Am J Roentgenol 152, 853-859, 1989.10.2214/ajr.152.4.8532784268
  110. Slattery JM, Blake MA, Kalra MK, Misdraji J, Sweeney AT, Copeland PM, Mueller PR, Boland GW. Adrenocortical carcinoma: contrast washout characteristics on CT. AJR Am J Roentgenol 187, W21-W24, 2006.10.2214/AJR.04.175116794135
  111. Slonina J, Nienartowicz E, Agrawal AK, Malczewska J, Moron K. Th e usefulness of contrast-enhanced sonography in the diff erential diagnostic of adrenal tumors. Endokrynol Pol 57, 230-236, 2006.
  112. Song JH, Chaudhry FS, Mayo-Smith WW. Th e incidental adrenal mass on CT: prevalence of adrenal disease in 1,049 consecutive adrenal masses in patients with no known malignancy. AJR Am J Roentgenol 190, 1163-1168, 2008.10.2214/AJR.07.279918430826
  113. Song JH, Grand DJ, Beland MD, Chang KJ, Machan JT, Mayo-Smith WW. Morphologic features of 211 adrenal masses at initial contrast-enhanced CT: can we diff erentiate benign from malignant lesions using imaging features alone? AJR Am J Roentgenol 201, 1248-1253, 2013.10.2214/AJR.12.1030224261363
  114. Stajgis M, Guzikowska-Ruszkowska I, Horst-Sikorska W. CT diagnostic imaging of adrenal adenomas. Pol J Radiol 70, 62-68, 2005.
  115. Slapa RZ, Kasperlik-Zaluska AA, Migda B, Jakubowski WS. Shear wave elastography of adrenal masses is feasible and may help to diff erentiate between solid and cystic lesions - an initial report. Endokrynol Pol 65, 119-124, 2014.
  116. Sundin A. Imaging of adrenal masses with emphasis on adrenocortical tumors. Th eranostics 2, 516-22, 2012.10.7150/thno.3613336455722737189
  117. Szolar DH, Korobkin M, Reittner P, Berghold A, Bauernhofer T, Trummer H, Schoellnast H, Preidler KW, Samonigg H. Adrenocortical carcinomas and adrenal pheochromocytomas: mass and enhancement loss evaluation at delayed contrast-enhanced CT. Radiology 234, 479-485, 2005.10.1148/radiol.234203187615671003
  118. Tabuchi Y, Otsuki M, Kasayama S, Kosugi K, Hashimoto K, Yamamoto T, Tsugawa M, Mineo I, Yamada Y, Kurebayashi S, Ohashi M, Umayahara Y, Kouhara H, Nakamura T, Taki H, Matsuoka TA, Imagawa A, Funahashi T, Shimomura I. Clinical and endocrinological characteristics of adrenal incidentaloma in Osaka region, Japan. Endocr J 63, 29-35, 2016.10.1507/endocrj.EJ15-040426490049
  119. Taylor K, Ramos I, Carter D, Morse SS, Snower D, Fortune K. Correlation of Doppler US tumor signals with neovascular morphologic features. Radiology 166, 57-62, 1988.10.1148/radiology.166.1.24476042447604
  120. Thompson GB, Young Jr WF. Adrenal incidentaloma. Curr Opinion Oncol 15, 84-90, 2003.10.1097/00001622-200301000-0001312490767
  121. Trojan J, Schwarz W, Sarrazin C, Th alhammer A, Vogl TJ, Dietrich CF. Role of ultrasonography in the detection of small adrenal masses. Ultraschall Med 23, 96-100, 2002.10.1055/s-2002-2519011961722
  122. Truong B, Jolles PR, Mullaney JM. Primary adrenal lymphoma: gallium scintigraphy and correlative imaging. J Nucl Med 38, 1770-1771, 1997.
  123. Turcios, RAS. Diagnosis and management of primary aldosteronism. Rev Mex Cardiol 26, 113-117, 2015.
  124. Udelsman R. Adrenal. Surgery, Basic Science and Clinical Evidence. J. Norton A and R. R. Bollinger, Springer, 2001.
  125. Unal E, Karaosmanoglu A, Akata D, Ozmen MN, Karcaaltincaba M. Invisible fat on CT: making it visible by MRI. Diagn Interv Radiol 22, 133-140, 2016.10.5152/dir.2015.15286479006426782156
  126. van Niel MB, Collins I, Beer MS, Broughton HB, Cheng SK, Goodacre SC, Heald A, Locker KL, MacLeod AM, Morrison D, Moyes CR, O’Connor D, Pike A, Rowley M, Russell MG, Sohal B, Stanton JA, Th omas S, Verrier H, Watt AP, Castro JL. Fluorination of 3-(3-(piperidin-1-yl) propyl) indoles and 3-(3-(piperazin-1-yl) propyl) indoles gives selective human 5-HT1D receptor ligands with improved pharmacokinetic profi les. J Med Chem 42, 2087-2104, 1999.10.1021/jm981133m10377215
  127. Vella A, Nippoldt TB, Morris JC 3rd. Adrenal hemorrhage: a 25-year experience at the Mayo Clinic. Mayo Clin Proc 6, 161-168, 2001.10.4065/76.2.161
  128. Westra SJ, Zaninovic AC, Hall TR, Kangarloo H, Boechat MI. Imaging of the adrenal gland in children. Radiographics 14, 1323-1340, 1994.10.1148/radiographics.14.6.78553447855344
  129. White ML, Gauger PG, Doherty GM, Cho KJ, Th ompson NW, Hammer GD, Miller BS. Th e role of radiologic studies in the evaluation and management of primary hyperaldosteronism. Surgery 144, 926-933, 2008.10.1016/j.surg.2008.07.02519040999
  130. Willatt J, Chong S, Ruma JA, Kuriakose J. Incidental adrenal nodules and masses: Th e imaging approach. Int J Endocrinol 2015, 410185, 2015.10.1155/2015/410185442919526064109
  131. Willemse A, Coppes M, Feldberg MA, Kramer PP, Witkamp TD. Magnetic resonance appearance of adrenal hemorrhage in a neonate. Ped Radiol 19, 210-211, 1989.10.1007/BF023886612654858
  132. Wilms G, Baert A, Marchal G, Goddeeris P. Computed tomography of the normal adrenal glands: correlative study with autopsy specimens. J Comput Assis Tomogr 3, 467-469, 1979.10.1097/00004728-197908000-00005457959
  133. Yeh HC. Sonography of the adrenal glands: normal glands and small masses. AJR Am J Roentgenol 135, 1167-1177, 1980.10.2214/ajr.135.6.11676779521
  134. Young, WF, Stanson AW, Th ompson GB, Grant CS, Farley DR, van Heerden JA. Role for adrenal venous sampling in primary aldosteronism. Surgery 136, 1227-1235, 2004.10.1016/j.surg.2004.06.05115657580
  135. Young Jr WF. Th e incidentally discovered adrenal mass. N Engl J Med 356, 601-610, 2007.10.1056/NEJMcp06547017287480
  136. Young, WF. Primary aldosteronism: renaissance of a syndrome. Clin Endocrinol 66, 607-618, 2007.10.1111/j.1365-2265.2007.02775.x17492946
  137. Young, WF, Stanson AW. What are the keys to successful adrenal venous sampling (AVS) in patients with primary aldosteronism? Clin Endocrinol 70, 14-17, 2009.10.1111/j.1365-2265.2008.03450.x19128364
  138. Zeiger MA, Th ompson GB, Duh QY, Hamrahian AH, Angelos P, Elaraj D, Fishman E, Kharlip J; American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists; American Association of Endocrine Surgeons. American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists and American Association of Endocrine Surgeons medical guidelines for the management of adrenal incidentalomas. Endocr Pract 15, Suppl. 1, 1-20, 2009.10.4158/EP.15.S1.119632967
  139. Zeiger MA, Siegelman SS, Hamrahian AH. Medical and surgical evaluation and treatment of adrenal incidentalomas. J Clin Endocrinol Met 96, 2004-2015, 2011.10.1210/jc.2011-008521632813
  140. Zhou L, Peng W, Wang C, Liu X, Shen Y, Zhou K. Primary adrenal lymphoma: radiological; pathological, clinical correlation. Eur J Radiol 81, 401-405, 2012. 10.1016/j.ejrad.2010.11.02621146945
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/enr-2017-0005 | Journal eISSN: 1336-0329 | Journal ISSN: 1210-0668
Language: English
Page range: 35 - 51
Published on: Feb 17, 2017
Published by: Slovak Academy of Sciences, Institute of Experimental Endocrinology
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Publication frequency: 1 issue per year

© 2017 F. A. Farrugia, G. Martikos, C. Surgeon, P. Tzanetis, E. Misiakos, N. Zavras, A. Charalampopoulos, published by Slovak Academy of Sciences, Institute of Experimental Endocrinology
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 License.