Adsorption of Malachite Green and Congo Red Dyes from Water: Recent Progress and Future Outlook

Swan, Ng Boon; Zaini, Muhammad Abbas Ahmad

doi:10.1515/eces-2019-0009

Abstract

Global concern on dyes-laden effluent has intensified over the years. Dyes are toxic, stable to light, and hardly oxidized and bio-degraded, hence causing severe physiological effects to living organisms. In water, dye hinders the light penetration for photosynthetic activity, consequently oxygen is deficient for respiration by aquatic creatures. Adsorption has been widely recognized as the effective removal strategy to abate dye wastewater. However, the quests to improve the adsorption efficiency are continuously sought through new adsorbents with special characters, while performing the removal process at optimum operating conditions. This short review aims to summarize the recent progress in adsorption studies of two commonly used industrial dyes, namely malachite green and congo red by various adsorbents. From the quoted studies, the oxidized mesoporous carbon yields a higher adsorption capacity of malachite green at 1265 mg/g, while Fe₃O₄@nSiO₂@mSiO₂ displays a greater capacity for congo red removal at 1429 mg/g. A superior adsorption relies not only on specific surface area but also the synergistic interactions of pore width and mesoporosity, surface chemistry, and operating conditions. The dyes properties and factors affecting the adsorption are also highlighted and discussed, with recommendations and future outlook.

References

[1] Gautam D, Kumari S, Ram B, Chauhan GS, Chauhan K. A new hemicellulose-based adsorbent for malachite green. J Chem Eng. 2018;6(4):3889-3897. DOI:10.1016/j.jece.2018.05.029.10.1016/j.jece.2018.05.029
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
[2] Sartape AS, Mandhare AM, Jadhav VV, Raut PD, Anuse MA, Kolekar SS. Removal of malachite green dye from aqueous solution with adsorption technique using Limonia acidissima (wood apple) shell as low cost adsorbent. Arab J Chem. 2017;10(2):S3229-S3238. DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2013.12.019.10.1016/j.arabjc.2013.12.019
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
[3] Wang D, Liu L, Jiang X, Yu J, Chen X. Adsorption and removal of malachite green from aqueous solution using magnetic β-cyclodextrin-graphene oxide nanocomposites as adsorbents. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp. 2015;466:166-173. DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2014.11.021.10.1016/j.colsurfa.2014.11.021
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
[4] Naseem K, Farooqi ZH, Begum R, Irfan A. Removal of congo red dye from aqueous medium by its catalytic reduction using sodium borohydride in the presence of various inorganic nano-catalysts: A review. J Clean Prod. 2018:187:296-307. DOI: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.03.209.10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.03.209
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
[5] Alver E, Bulut M, Metin AU, Çiftçi H. One step effective removal of congo red in chitosan nanoparticles by encapsulation. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc. 2017;171:132-138. DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2016.07.046.10.1016/j.saa.2016.07.04627501485
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
[6] Tu NT, Thien TV, Du PD, Chau VT, Mau TX, Khieu DQ. Adsorptive removal of congo red from aqueous solution using zeolitic imidazolate framework-67. J Environ Chem Eng. 2018;6(2):2269-2280. DOI: 10.1016/j.jece.2018.03.031.10.1016/j.jece.2018.03.031
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
[7] Ausavasukhi A, Kampoosaen C, Kengnok O. Adsorption characteristics of congo red on carbonized leonardite. J Clean Prod. 2016;134:506-514. DOI: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.10.034.10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.10.034
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
[8] Zhang X, Lin Q, Luo S, Ruan K, Peng K. Preparation of novel oxidized mesoporous carbon with excellent adsorption performance for removal of malachite green and lead ion. Appl Surf Sci. 2018;442:322-331. DOI: 10.1016/j.apsusc.2018.02.148.10.1016/j.apsusc.2018.02.148
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
[9] Gupta K, Khatri OP. Reduced graphene oxide as an effective adsorbent for removal of malachite green dye: Plausible adsorption pathways. J Colloid Interface Sci. 2017;501:11-21. DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2017.04.035.10.1016/j.jcis.2017.04.03528431217
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
[10] Tang S, Zaini MAA. Congo red Removal by HNO₃-modified resorcinol-formaldehyde carbon gels. Chem Eng Trans. 2017;56:159-172. DOI: 10.3303/CET1756140.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
[11] Leyva-Ramos R. Effect of temperature and pH on the adsorption of an anionic detergent on activated carbon. J Chem Technol Biotechnol. 1989;45(3):231-240. DOI: 10.1002/jctb.280450308.10.1002/jctb.280450308
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
[12] Nouri S. Effect of treatment on the adsorption capacity of activated carbon. Adsorpt Sci Technol. 2002;20(9):917-925. DOI: 10.1260/026361703771953578.10.1260/026361703771953578
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
[13] Rajabi M, Mirza B, Mahanpoor K, Mirjalili M, Najafi F, Moradi O, et al. Adsorption of malachite green from aqueous solution by carboxylate group functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes: Determination of equilibrium and kinetics parameters. J Ind Eng Chem. 2016;34:130-138. DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2015.11.001.10.1016/j.jiec.2015.11.001
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
[14] Shah KA, Tali BA. Synthesis of carbon nanotubes by catalytic chemical vapour deposition: A review on carbon sources, catalysts and substrates. Mater Sci Semicon Process. 2016;41:67-82. DOI: 10.1016/j.mssp.2015.08.013.10.1016/j.mssp.2015.08.013
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
[15] Tang S, Zaini MAA. Malachite green adsorption by potassium salts-activated carbons derived from textile sludge: Equilibrium, kinetics and thermodynamics studies. Asia-Pac J Chem Eng. 2016;12(1):159-172. DOI: 10.1002/apj.2063.10.1002/apj.2063
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
[16] Vergis BR, Krishna RH, Kottam N, Nagabhushana BM, Sharath R, Darukaprasad B. Removal of malachite green from aqueous solution by magnetic CuFe₂O₄ nano-adsorbent synthesized by one pot solution combustion method. J Nanostructure Chem. 2017;8(1):1-12. DOI: 10.1007/s40097-017-0249-y.10.1007/s40097-017-0249-y
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
[17] Hosseinzadeh H, Ramin S. Fabrication of starch-graft-poly(acrylamide)/graphene oxide/hydroxyapatite nanocomposite hydrogel adsorbent for removal of malachite green dye from aqueous solution. Int J Biol Macromol. 2018;106:101-115. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.07.182.10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.07.18228778526
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
[18] Dash S, Chaudhuri H, Gupta R, Nair UG. Adsorption study of modified coal fly ash with sulfonic acid as a potential adsorbent for the removal of toxic reactive dyes from aqueous solution: Kinetics and thermodynamics. J Environ Chem Eng. 2018;6(5):5897-5905. DOI: 10.1016/j.jece.2018.05.017.10.1016/j.jece.2018.05.017
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
[19] Abdelrahman EA. Synthesis of zeolite nanostructures from waste aluminum cans for efficient removal of malachite green dye from aqueous media. J Mol Liq. 2018;253:72-82. DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2018.01.038.10.1016/j.molliq.2018.01.038
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
[20] Altıntıg E, Onaran M, Sarı A, Altundag H, Tüzen M. Preparation, characterization and evaluation of bio-based magnetic activated carbon for effective adsorption of malachite green from aqueous solution. Mater Chem Phys. 2018;220:313-321. DOI: 10.1016/j.matchemphys.2018.05.077.10.1016/j.matchemphys.2018.05.077
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
[21] Baghdadi M, Soltani BA, Nourani M. Malachite green removal from aqueous solutions using fibrous cellulose sulfate prepared from medical cotton waste: Comprehensive batch and column studies. J Ind Eng Chem. 2017;55:128-139. DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2017.06.037.10.1016/j.jiec.2017.06.037
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
[22] Ghasemi M, Mashhadi S, Asif M, Tyagi I, Agarwal S, Gupta VK. Microwave-assisted synthesis of tetraethylenepentamine functionalized activated carbon with high adsorption capacity for malachite green dye. J Mol Liq. 2016;213:317-325. DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2015.09.048.10.1016/j.molliq.2015.09.048
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
[23] Tang Y, Zeng Y, Hu T, Zhou Q, Peng Y. Preparation of lignin sulfonate-based mesoporous materials for adsorbing malachite green from aqueous solution. J Environ Chem Eng. 2016;4(3):2900-2910. DOI: 10.1016/j.jece.2016.05.040.10.1016/j.jece.2016.05.040
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
[24] Nekouei F, Kargarzadeh H, Nekouei S, Tyagi I, Agarwal S, Gupta VK. Preparation of nickel hydroxide nanoplates modified activated carbon for malachite green removal from solutions: Kinetic, thermodynamic, isotherm and antibacterial studies. Process Saf Environ. 2016;102:85-97. DOI: 10.1016/j.psep.2016.02.011.10.1016/j.psep.2016.02.011
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
[25] Ghaedi M, Azad FN, Dashtian K, Hajati S, Goudarzi A, Soylak M. Central composite design and genetic algorithm applied for the optimization of ultrasonic-assisted removal of malachite green by ZnO nanorod-loaded activated carbon. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc. 2016;167:157-164. DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2016.05.025.10.1016/j.saa.2016.05.02527318150
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
[26] Ghaedi M, Shojaeipour E, Ghaedi A, Sahraei R. Isotherm and kinetics study of malachite green adsorption onto copper nanowires loaded on activated carbon: Artificial neural network modeling and genetic algorithm optimization. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc. 2015;142:135-149. DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2015.01.086.10.1016/j.saa.2015.01.08625699703
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
[27] Kan Y, Yue Q, Kong J, Gao B, Li Q. The application of activated carbon produced from waste printed circuit boards (PCBs) by H3PO4 and steam activation for the removal of malachite green. Chem Eng J. 2015;260:541-549. DOI: 10.1016/j.cej.2014.09.047.10.1016/j.cej.2014.09.047
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
[28] Shi Z, Xu C, Guan H, Li L, Fan L, Wang Y, et al. Magnetic metal organic frameworks (MOFs) composite for removal of lead and malachite green in wastewater. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp. 2018;539:382-390. DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2017.12.043.10.1016/j.colsurfa.2017.12.043
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
[29] Zhou Y, Ge L, Fan N, Xia M. Adsorption of Congo red from aqueous solution onto shrimp shell powder. Adsorpt Sci Technol. 2018;36(5-6):1310-1330 DOI: 10.1177/0263617418768945.10.1177/0263617418768945
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
[30] Yang G, Wu L, Xian Q, Shen F, Wu J, Zhang Y. Removal of congo red and methylene blue from aqueous solutions by vermicompost-derived biochars. Plos One. 2016;11(5):e0154562. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0154562.10.1371/journal.pone.0154562485639327144922
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
[31] Chawla S, Uppal H, Yadav M, Bahadur N, Singh N. Zinc peroxide nanomaterial as an adsorbent for removal of congo red dye from waste water. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 2017;135:68-74. DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2016.09.017.10.1016/j.ecoenv.2016.09.01727693679
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
[32] Saksornchai E, Kavinchan J, Thongtem S, Thongtem T. Simple wet-chemical synthesis of superparamagnetic CTAB-modified magnetite nanoparticles using as adsorbents for anionic dye Congo red removal. Mater Lett. 2018;213:138-142. DOI: 10.1016/j.matlet.2017.11.015.10.1016/j.matlet.2017.11.015
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
[33] Sun P, Chen L, Xu L, Zhu W. Hierarchical porous MgBO 2 (OH) microspheres: Hydrothermal synthesis, thermal decomposition, and application as adsorbents for congo red removal. Chin J Chem Eng. 2018;26(7):1561-1569. DOI: 10.1016/j.cjche.2018.01.013.10.1016/j.cjche.2018.01.013
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
[34] Shojaeipoor F, Elhamifar D, Masoumi B, Elhamifar D, Barazesh B. Ionic liquid based nanoporous organosilica supported propylamine as highly efficient adsorbent for removal of congo red from aqueous solution. Arab J Chem. 2016. DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2016.05.001.10.1016/j.arabjc.2016.05.001
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
[35] Xu J, Xu D, Zhu B, Cheng B, Jiang C. Adsorptive removal of an anionic dye congo red by flower-like hierarchical magnesium oxide (MgO)-graphene oxide composite microspheres. Appl Surf Sci. 2018;435:1136-1142. DOI: 10.1016/j.apsusc.2017.11.232.10.1016/j.apsusc.2017.11.232
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
[36] Chaukura N, Mamba BB, Mishra SB. Conversion of post-consumer waste polystyrene into a high value adsorbent and its sorptive properties for congo red removal from aqueous solution. J Environ Manage. 2017;193:280-289. DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2017.02.023.10.1016/j.jenvman.2017.02.02328232242
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
[37] Shaban M, Abukhadra MR, Khan AAP, Jibali BM. Removal of congo red, methylene blue and Cr(VI) ions from water using natural serpentine. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng. 2018;82:102-116. DOI: /10.1016/j.jtice.2017.10.023.10.1016/j.jtice.2017.10.023
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
[38] Tian C, Feng C, Wei M, Wu Y. Enhanced adsorption of anionic toxic contaminant congo red by activated carbon with electropositive amine modification. Chemosphere. 2018;208:476-483. DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.06.005.10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.06.00529886336
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
[39] Srilakshmi C, Saraf R. Ag-doped hydroxyapatite as efficient adsorbent for removal of congo red dye from aqueous solution: Synthesis, kinetic and equilibrium adsorption isotherm analysis. Micropor Mesopor Mat. 219 (2016), 134-144. DOI: 10.1016/j.micromeso.2015.08.003.10.1016/j.micromeso.2015.08.003
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
[40] Bharali D, Deka RC. Adsorptive removal of congo red from aqueous solution by sonochemically synthesized NiAl layered double hydroxide. J Environ Chem Eng. 2017;5(2):2056-2067. DOI: 10.1016/j.jece.2017.04.012.10.1016/j.jece.2017.04.012
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
[41] Yang M, Wu Y, Rao R, Wang H. Methanol promoted synthesis of porous hierarchical α-Ni(OH)₂ for the removal of congo red. Powder Technol. 2017;320:377-385. DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2017.07.074.10.1016/j.powtec.2017.07.074
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
[42] Long Y, Yu J, Jiao F, Yang W. Preparation and characterization of MWCNTs/LDHs nanohybrids for removal of congo red from aqueous solution. Trans Nonferrous Met Soc China. 2016;26(10):2701-2710. DOI: 10.1016/s1003-6326(16)64398-4.10.1016/S1003-6326(16)64398-4
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
[43] Zheng Y, Zhu B, Chen H, You W, Jiang C, Yu J. Hierarchical flower-like nickel(II) oxide microspheres with high adsorption capacity of congo red in water. J Colloid Interface Sci. 2017;504:688-696. DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2017.06.014.10.1016/j.jcis.2017.06.01428622562
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
[44] Zhang Y, Bai L, Zhou W, Lu R, Gao H, Zhang S. Superior adsorption capacity of Fe₃O₄@nSiO₂@mSiO₂ core-shell microspheres for removal of congo red from aqueous solution. J Mol Liq. 2016;219:88-94. DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2016.02.096.10.1016/j.molliq.2016.02.096
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
[45] Lei C, Pi M, Zhou W, Guo Y, Zhang F, Qin J. Synthesis of hierarchical porous flower-like ZnO-AlOOH structures and their applications in adsorption of congo red. Chem Phys Lett. 2017;687:143-151. DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2017.09.018.10.1016/j.cplett.2017.09.018
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
[46] Satheesh R, Vignesh K, Rajarajan M, Suganthi A, Sreekantan S, Kang M, et al. Removal of congo red from water using quercetin modified α-Fe₂O₃ nanoparticles as effective nanoadsorbent. Mater Chem Phys. 2016;180:53-65. DOI: 10.1016/j.matchemphys.2016.05.029.10.1016/j.matchemphys.2016.05.029
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
[47] Tran HN, You SJ, Nguyen TV, Chao HP. Insight into adsorption mechanism of cationic dye onto biosorbents derived from agricultural wastes. Chem Eng Commun. 2017;204(9):1020-1036. DOI: 10.1080/00986445.2017.1336090.10.1080/00986445.2017.1336090
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
[48] Raval NP, Shah PU, Shah NK. Adsorptive amputation of hazardous azo dye congo red from wastewater: A critical review. Environ Sci Pollut Res. 2016;23:14810-14853. DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-6970-0.10.1007/s11356-016-6970-027255316
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
[49] Raval NP, Shah PU, Shah NK. Malachite green “a cationic dye” and its removal from aqueous solution by adsorption. Appl Water Sci. 2017;7:3407-3445. DOI: 10.1007/s13201-016-0512-2.10.1007/s13201-016-0512-2
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
[50] Yildiz S. Kinetic and isotherm analysis of Cu(II) adsorption onto almond shell (Prunus dulcis). Ecol Chem Eng S. 2017;24(1):87-106. DOI: 10.1515/eces-2017-0007.10.1515/eces-2017-0007
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
[51] Zaini MAA, Alias N, Yunus MAC. Bio-polishing sludge adsorbents for dye removal. Polish J Chem Technol. 2016;18 4):15-21. DOI: 10.1515/pjct-2016-0065.10.1515/pjct-2016-0065
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
[52] Zaini MAA, Zakaria M, Setapar SHM, Yunus MAC. Sludge-adsorbents from palm oil mill effluent for methylene blue removal. J Environ Chem Eng. 2013;1:1091-1098. DOI: 10.1016/j.jece.2013.08.026.10.1016/j.jece.2013.08.026
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article

Adsorption of Malachite Green and Congo Red Dyes from Water: Recent Progress and Future Outlook

Abstract

Paradigm

My account