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Chemical profile of Senna italica and Senna velutina seed and their pharmacological properties Cover

Chemical profile of Senna italica and Senna velutina seed and their pharmacological properties

Open Access
|Jun 2025

Figures & Tables

Figure 1

The GC-MS chromatograms of MSISE. All spectral peaks correlate with the identified chemicals, with a major peak indicating the primary constituent of the extract.
The GC-MS chromatograms of MSISE. All spectral peaks correlate with the identified chemicals, with a major peak indicating the primary constituent of the extract.

Figure 2

The GC-MS chromatograms of MSVSE. A prominent peak in the spectrum indicates the major component of the extract, and every peak reflects a recognized chemical.
The GC-MS chromatograms of MSVSE. A prominent peak in the spectrum indicates the major component of the extract, and every peak reflects a recognized chemical.

Figure 3

Antioxidant activity of MSISE and MSVSE. (a) DPPH reducing power and (b) ABTS (+) scavenging activity at various concentrations (100–800 μg/mL). An ascorbic acid (200 µg/mL) was used as a positive control. The mean value of three independent experiments is presented. The scavenging activity of MSISE and MSVSE was significantly lower (*) than the positive control at a significance level of P < 0.05. ˙ + = radical cation.
Antioxidant activity of MSISE and MSVSE. (a) DPPH reducing power and (b) ABTS (+) scavenging activity at various concentrations (100–800 μg/mL). An ascorbic acid (200 µg/mL) was used as a positive control. The mean value of three independent experiments is presented. The scavenging activity of MSISE and MSVSE was significantly lower (*) than the positive control at a significance level of P < 0.05. ˙ + = radical cation.

Figure 4

The effect of MSISE (a) and MSVSE (b) on MCF-7 and HepG2 cell viabilities using the MTT assay. Cells were treated with MSISE and MSVSE (0–800 μg/mL) for 24 h. Mean values ± SD of three independent experiments are shown. (* = P < 0.05 compared to non-treated cells [negative control]).
The effect of MSISE (a) and MSVSE (b) on MCF-7 and HepG2 cell viabilities using the MTT assay. Cells were treated with MSISE and MSVSE (0–800 μg/mL) for 24 h. Mean values ± SD of three independent experiments are shown. (* = P < 0.05 compared to non-treated cells [negative control]).

Figure 5

Antibiogram demonstrating the antibacterial activity of MSISE against the studied Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial strains. (1) 1,000 μg/mL; (2) 500 μg/mL; (3) 250 μg/mL; (4) 125 μg/mL; (5) negative control; (6) chloramphenicol (25 µg/ml), positive control.
Antibiogram demonstrating the antibacterial activity of MSISE against the studied Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial strains. (1) 1,000 μg/mL; (2) 500 μg/mL; (3) 250 μg/mL; (4) 125 μg/mL; (5) negative control; (6) chloramphenicol (25 µg/ml), positive control.

Figure 6

Antibiogram demonstrating the antibacterial activity of MSVSE against the studied Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial strains. (1) 1,000 μg/mL; (2) 500 μg/mL; (3) 250 μg/mL; (4) 125 μg/mL; (5) negative control; (6) chloramphenicol (25 µg/ml), positive control.
Antibiogram demonstrating the antibacterial activity of MSVSE against the studied Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial strains. (1) 1,000 μg/mL; (2) 500 μg/mL; (3) 250 μg/mL; (4) 125 μg/mL; (5) negative control; (6) chloramphenicol (25 µg/ml), positive control.

GC-MS compounds in MSVSE

PeakRetention time (min)Area (Ab*s)Area%Hit nameMolecular formulaMolecular weight (amu)
17.766631,4698.11CyclododecyneC12H20 164.157
211.112397,3555.11Benzofuran, 2,3-dihydro-C8H8O120.058
315.147489,7386.29 l-Mannose, 6-deoxy-C6H12O5 164.068
419.119271,1253.48‘CatechinC15H14O6 194.08
519.67710,8409.13LuteolinC15H10O6 270.256
620.014368,3084.73 n-Hexadecanoic acidC16H32O2 256.24
721.409908,98911.682-Pentadecanone, 6,10,14-trimethyl-C18H36O 268.277
821.742,350,09230.212-MethoxystypandroneC14H12O5 260.24
922.691315,8934.069,12-Octadecadienoic acid (Z,Z)-C18H32O2 280.24
1024.217139,7041.79Kaempferol 3-O-rutinosideC27H30O15 266.225
1124.311259,7123.33cis,cis-7,10,-HexadecadienalC16H28O 236.214
1225.093622,8468.01Hexadecanoic acid, 2-hydroxy-1-(hydroxymethyl)ethyl esterC19H38O4 330.277
1326.231311,3344.019-Octadecenoic acid (Z)-, 2-hydroxyethyl esterC20H38O3 326.282

GC-MS compounds in MSISE

PeakRetention time (min)Area (Ab*s)Area%Hit nameMolecular formulaMolecular weight (amu)
118.719633,2156.04Bicyclo[3.1.1]heptane, 2,6,6-trimethyl-, [1R-(1.alpha., 2.beta., 5.alpha.)]-C10H18 138.141
218.825134,3401.282-Pentadecanone, 6,10,14-trimethyl-C18H36O268.277
318.994117,6471.123-EicosyneC20H38 278.297
419.188246,1332.343,7,11,15-Tetramethyl-2-hexadecen-1-olC20H40O296.308
519.67707,8856.75Hexadecanoic acid, methyl esterC17H34O2 270.256
620.1263,402,46032.48 n-Hexadecanoic acidC16H32O2 256.24
721.421974,9789.307,10,13-Hexadecatrienoic acid, methyl esterC17H28O2 264.209
821.527973,2329.291-Hexadecen-3-ol, 3,5,11,15-tetramethyl-C20H40O296.308
921.8781,952,41318.639,12,15-Octadecatrienoic acid, (Z,Z,Z)-C18H30O2 278.225
1023.723495,9354.73CyclododecyneC12H20 164.157
1125.049511,8664.88Hexadecanoic acid, 2-hydroxy-1-(hydroxymethyl)ethyl esterC19H38O4 330.277
1227.27325,4333.10SqualeneC30H50 410.391

Inhibitory zone (mm), MIC, and MBC of MSVSE

Bacterium/dilutionPositive control 1,000 μg/mL500 μg/mL250 μg/mL125 μg/mLMIC (μg/mL)MBC (μg/mL)
S. aureus 31 ± 0.0020 ± 0.00* 18 ± 0.00*14 ± 0.00*13 ± 0.00*31.25 ± 0.0062.5 ± 0.00
S. epidermidis 33 ± 0.0021 ± 0.00*17 ± 0.00*12 ± 0.00*10 ± 0.00*15.62 ± 0.0031.25 ± 0.00
B. subtilis 29 ± 0.0020 ± 0.00*18 ± 0.00*11 ± 0.00*9 ± 0.00*15.62 ± 0.0031.25 ± 0.00
E. coli 30 ± 0.0024 ± 0.00*18 ± 0.00*12 ± 0.00*10 ± 0.00*31.25 ± 0.0062.5 ± 0.00
K. pneumoniae 29 ± 0.0023 ± 0.00*20 ± 0.00*14 ± 0.00*11 ± 10.00*31.25 ± 0.0062.5 ± 0.00
P. aeruginosa 18 ± 0.0017 ± 0.00 11 ± 0.00*9 ± 0.00*8 ± 0.00*62.5 ± 0.00125 ± 0.00

Inhibitory zone (mm), MIC, and MBC of MSISE

Bacterium/dilutionPositive control 1,000 μg/mL500 μg/mL250 μg/mL125 μg/mLMIC (μg/mL)MBC (μg/mL)
S. aureus 31 ± 0.0021 ± 0.00*18 ± 0.00*16 ± 0.00*14 ± 0.00*15.62 ± 0.0031.25 ± 0.00
S. epidermidis 33 ± 0.0024 ± 0.00*20 ± 0.00*17 ± 0.00*14 ± 0.00*7.81 ± 0.0015.62 ± 0.00
B. subtilis 29 ± 0.0022 ± 0.00*18 ± 0.00*11 ± 0.00*9 ± 0.00*15.62 ± 0.0031.25 ± 0.00
E. coli 30 ± 0.0023 ± 0.00*18 ± 0.00*10 ± 0.00*8 ± 0.00*31.25 ± 0.0062.5 ± 0.00
K. pneumoniae 29 ± 0.0015 ± 0.00*11 ± 0.00*9 ± 0.00*7 ± 10.0031.25 ± 0.0062.5 ± 0.00
P. aeruginosa 18 ± 0.0022 ± 0.00*19 ± 0.00*15 ± 0.00*10 ± 0.00*15.62 ± 0.0031.25 ± 0.00
Language: English
Submitted on: Nov 23, 2024
Accepted on: Apr 30, 2025
Published on: Jun 20, 2025
Published by: Sciendo
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services

© 2025 Rasha M. Alzayed, Meaad F. Alaida, Sondos A. Alhajouj, published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.