Figure 1

Figure 2

Figure 3

Figure 4
![The effect of MSISE (a) and MSVSE (b) on MCF-7 and HepG2 cell viabilities using the MTT assay. Cells were treated with MSISE and MSVSE (0–800 μg/mL) for 24 h. Mean values ± SD of three independent experiments are shown. (* = P < 0.05 compared to non-treated cells [negative control]).](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/693a21dc523ab3506f445d44/j_chem-2025-0163_fig_004.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=ASIA6AP2G7AKLX4RECHU%2F20251219%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20251219T012403Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Security-Token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjENT%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2FwEaDGV1LWNlbnRyYWwtMSJGMEQCIANQOmnkGw1eNBxIc3K%2BSMqncluvswBudyy%2Fspxk8NGvAiB8yo1wcNbvgW7sSvUzTuayHyowfH4P7U5SmyJbntU%2B5CrFBQie%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F8BEAIaDDk2MzEzNDI4OTk0MCIMeTuSFr8J1dMc8qDMKpkF7%2BwkiwdO59GQij07Ylgv0Aj0q0B7qNK8vU1n6mjcjzG3JIFKye9FfFPMlhEjWjuYlVs%2BQJzJm06yxb9OyxEb4mUTe7yHB0jwK%2BHGtMTk3Fe8dn9YGW9KQKLh55%2FnBJSakvsdeD12W3R8LzhHq72rBfW%2FZCVhJSLLHWe4K49W7%2FvkD0PYxxCvOdPSumiTugijXkE0yxWQr9W6WDLKhe581zWEugOHT32HRM7IDthh9ynZgx2xLbpzBjGsTNmjykTg4Od%2B7JTjLyn9XAteLPzu01vKjPMLqDnkHT4pZeyDXz1qQ7Nj%2BlcoKiPkbftbScb1kD2xsiohjRcWXE%2FrJ4Mc%2BJInLIGIRzS001LiR8zFjzuEk0YKeuxIZMaIKl3B7ywY3RcFI0IBQzzsuipbVkD%2B3wALK4jO2Lp%2Bvc0cF%2Ffsra8l04VKukuMzDC7ztVkV9nq6iBpDE1jIdfDZbCKj90WDy%2B1R1ftH96qruZONCQHqwvLlbC1kYovJN%2BGIc1iLaUbX1DhCnK3hRbc2TrtHnDamCt88EIE0CYByprgQdgRiNyjrFrnBGprte%2FnhwdtHgkQ6nlYFYZyBQu8C4si1E%2B3LWErPdcqxBgxnD8Q80jMBKL4UFfDyX1gwAZXZkMjS%2FCX7bLDiMZdL0XXEZE1L3NxYG0nH10z8pSjjzSAnBPf0j%2BN3hS0x0CMOE%2BjLXJKZrvEngSt1sJa1NZwjMal6GQjauJwokUvhTA8biM9uvcWD4B%2BB%2FTYTri8u9YdOytJSzgK3H44ng3wIJzrrHELTPW3Jc5A1UuYMARvFQe3ETTnhquQAxujvcwLC2a5K61h2UVDgUeU9QjzQNXE50KNibgrwhk4%2FMg3gsPCd4ziQpwa%2BByAfomO7e8rKmQwkMWRygY6sgG6I4A03boSqrM31XkwMr4UUjx3kxK7lyvDMUOM0xcdE0DM1rPILaT%2BLkcYWcgiJsLp1KgBBcSx1J8N0rRmqLRUoe7Z%2BQ%2BHVNKmY6H10yrSRXxFAWmZcljdh%2ByuzCVAJPr8bJuxQnd2rMKWjK%2BQ%2F8y4hKDmpqPjy%2B34mMMZeHOMfeuhKVEqs%2By1QQxrT%2FRbPjA%2Bkf%2Bhqr61y068RmgpQNYocGTHl42Ikmb8fgArCQBtENQT&X-Amz-Signature=5d21263c7452a89924de1334c0512869fd55a99ad91dc19c4a6d3238ba95681f&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Figure 5

Figure 6

GC-MS compounds in MSVSE
| Peak | Retention time (min) | Area (Ab*s) | Area% | Hit name | Molecular formula | Molecular weight (amu) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 7.766 | 631,469 | 8.11 | Cyclododecyne | C12H20 | 164.157 |
| 2 | 11.112 | 397,355 | 5.11 | Benzofuran, 2,3-dihydro- | C8H8O | 120.058 |
| 3 | 15.147 | 489,738 | 6.29 |
| C6H12O5 | 164.068 |
| 4 | 19.119 | 271,125 | 3.48 | ‘Catechin | C15H14O6 | 194.08 |
| 5 | 19.67 | 710,840 | 9.13 | Luteolin | C15H10O6 | 270.256 |
| 6 | 20.014 | 368,308 | 4.73 | n-Hexadecanoic acid | C16H32O2 | 256.24 |
| 7 | 21.409 | 908,989 | 11.68 | 2-Pentadecanone, 6,10,14-trimethyl- | C18H36O | 268.277 |
| 8 | 21.74 | 2,350,092 | 30.21 | 2-Methoxystypandrone | C14H12O5 | 260.24 |
| 9 | 22.691 | 315,893 | 4.06 | 9,12-Octadecadienoic acid (Z,Z)- | C18H32O2 | 280.24 |
| 10 | 24.217 | 139,704 | 1.79 | Kaempferol 3-O-rutinoside | C27H30O15 | 266.225 |
| 11 | 24.311 | 259,712 | 3.33 | cis,cis-7,10,-Hexadecadienal | C16H28O | 236.214 |
| 12 | 25.093 | 622,846 | 8.01 | Hexadecanoic acid, 2-hydroxy-1-(hydroxymethyl)ethyl ester | C19H38O4 | 330.277 |
| 13 | 26.231 | 311,334 | 4.01 | 9-Octadecenoic acid (Z)-, 2-hydroxyethyl ester | C20H38O3 | 326.282 |
GC-MS compounds in MSISE
| Peak | Retention time (min) | Area (Ab*s) | Area% | Hit name | Molecular formula | Molecular weight (amu) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 18.719 | 633,215 | 6.04 | Bicyclo[3.1.1]heptane, 2,6,6-trimethyl-, [1R-(1.alpha., 2.beta., 5.alpha.)]- | C10H18 | 138.141 |
| 2 | 18.825 | 134,340 | 1.28 | 2-Pentadecanone, 6,10,14-trimethyl- | C18H36O | 268.277 |
| 3 | 18.994 | 117,647 | 1.12 | 3-Eicosyne | C20H38 | 278.297 |
| 4 | 19.188 | 246,133 | 2.34 | 3,7,11,15-Tetramethyl-2-hexadecen-1-ol | C20H40O | 296.308 |
| 5 | 19.67 | 707,885 | 6.75 | Hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester | C17H34O2 | 270.256 |
| 6 | 20.126 | 3,402,460 | 32.48 | n-Hexadecanoic acid | C16H32O2 | 256.24 |
| 7 | 21.421 | 974,978 | 9.30 | 7,10,13-Hexadecatrienoic acid, methyl ester | C17H28O2 | 264.209 |
| 8 | 21.527 | 973,232 | 9.29 | 1-Hexadecen-3-ol, 3,5,11,15-tetramethyl- | C20H40O | 296.308 |
| 9 | 21.878 | 1,952,413 | 18.63 | 9,12,15-Octadecatrienoic acid, (Z,Z,Z)- | C18H30O2 | 278.225 |
| 10 | 23.723 | 495,935 | 4.73 | Cyclododecyne | C12H20 | 164.157 |
| 11 | 25.049 | 511,866 | 4.88 | Hexadecanoic acid, 2-hydroxy-1-(hydroxymethyl)ethyl ester | C19H38O4 | 330.277 |
| 12 | 27.27 | 325,433 | 3.10 | Squalene | C30H50 | 410.391 |
Inhibitory zone (mm), MIC, and MBC of MSVSE
| Bacterium/dilution | Positive control | 1,000 μg/mL | 500 μg/mL | 250 μg/mL | 125 μg/mL | MIC (μg/mL) | MBC (μg/mL) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| S. aureus | 31 ± 0.00 | 20 ± 0.00* | 18 ± 0.00* | 14 ± 0.00* | 13 ± 0.00* | 31.25 ± 0.00 | 62.5 ± 0.00 |
| S. epidermidis | 33 ± 0.00 | 21 ± 0.00* | 17 ± 0.00* | 12 ± 0.00* | 10 ± 0.00* | 15.62 ± 0.00 | 31.25 ± 0.00 |
| B. subtilis | 29 ± 0.00 | 20 ± 0.00* | 18 ± 0.00* | 11 ± 0.00* | 9 ± 0.00* | 15.62 ± 0.00 | 31.25 ± 0.00 |
| E. coli | 30 ± 0.00 | 24 ± 0.00* | 18 ± 0.00* | 12 ± 0.00* | 10 ± 0.00* | 31.25 ± 0.00 | 62.5 ± 0.00 |
| K. pneumoniae | 29 ± 0.00 | 23 ± 0.00* | 20 ± 0.00* | 14 ± 0.00* | 11 ± 10.00* | 31.25 ± 0.00 | 62.5 ± 0.00 |
| P. aeruginosa | 18 ± 0.00 | 17 ± 0.00 | 11 ± 0.00* | 9 ± 0.00* | 8 ± 0.00* | 62.5 ± 0.00 | 125 ± 0.00 |
Inhibitory zone (mm), MIC, and MBC of MSISE
| Bacterium/dilution | Positive control | 1,000 μg/mL | 500 μg/mL | 250 μg/mL | 125 μg/mL | MIC (μg/mL) | MBC (μg/mL) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| S. aureus | 31 ± 0.00 | 21 ± 0.00* | 18 ± 0.00* | 16 ± 0.00* | 14 ± 0.00* | 15.62 ± 0.00 | 31.25 ± 0.00 |
| S. epidermidis | 33 ± 0.00 | 24 ± 0.00* | 20 ± 0.00* | 17 ± 0.00* | 14 ± 0.00* | 7.81 ± 0.00 | 15.62 ± 0.00 |
| B. subtilis | 29 ± 0.00 | 22 ± 0.00* | 18 ± 0.00* | 11 ± 0.00* | 9 ± 0.00* | 15.62 ± 0.00 | 31.25 ± 0.00 |
| E. coli | 30 ± 0.00 | 23 ± 0.00* | 18 ± 0.00* | 10 ± 0.00* | 8 ± 0.00* | 31.25 ± 0.00 | 62.5 ± 0.00 |
| K. pneumoniae | 29 ± 0.00 | 15 ± 0.00* | 11 ± 0.00* | 9 ± 0.00* | 7 ± 10.00 | 31.25 ± 0.00 | 62.5 ± 0.00 |
| P. aeruginosa | 18 ± 0.00 | 22 ± 0.00* | 19 ± 0.00* | 15 ± 0.00* | 10 ± 0.00* | 15.62 ± 0.00 | 31.25 ± 0.00 |