Ancient spring waters still emerging and accessible in the Roman Forum area: Chemical–physical and microbiological characterization Cover

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Ancient spring waters still emerging and accessible in the Roman Forum area: Chemical–physical and microbiological characterization

Volume 21 (2023): Issue 1 (January 2023)

By: Maria Pia Sammartino, Anna Grendene, Maria Luisa Astolfi, Stefania Marcheggiani, Laura Mancini, Matteo Vitali, Arianna Antonucci, Paola Baldassarri, Irma Della Giovampaola and Giovanni Visco

Open Access

|Oct 2023

Figures & Tables

Soluble salt composition of the sources sampled inside Forum and standpipe (Fsp).

Soluble salt composition of the source sampled inside Tullianum and standpipe of comparison.

Soluble salt composition of the sources sampled inside Valentini Palace and standpipe of comparison.

Sampling points inside Valentini Palace: (a) thermal bath inside Valentini Palace (VPb); (b) well close to the collapsed column (VPco); (c) standpipe in the Valentini Palace courtyard (VPsp); and (d) outcrop close to the former canteen (VPca); Roman Forum area: (e) Juturnae (J); (f) Cesarean Galleris (CG); (g) drilling close to Lapis Niger (D); (h) Lapis Niger (LN); (i) standpipe on the via Sacra (Fsp); and (j) well inside Divine Romulus Temple (DR). Tullianum: (k) inside well Tullianum (T); and (l) outside standpipe Tullianum (Tsp).

Microbiological indicator results (top panel). The red lines indicate the limits of excellent water quality of E. coli (E.c.) and intestinal Enterococci (I.E.), respectively, 250 CFU/mL and 100 CFU/100 mL, for the classification according to the legislation of bathing water [48], while for drinking water, they must be absent (0 CFU/100 mL). TBC at 37 ± 1°C and 22 ± 1°C were obtained in the tested samples (bottom panel).

Abbreviations used in all the figures and tables for the analyzed samples

Source	Abbreviation
Valentini Palace baths	VPb
Valentini Palace column	VPco
Valentini Palace canteen	VPca
Juturnae	J
Caesarian Galleries	CG
Drilling near Lapis Niger	D
Lapis Niger	LN
Divine Romulus temple	DR
Tullianum	T
Forum standpipe	Fsp
Valentini Palace standpipe	VPsp
Tullianum standpipe	Tsp
ACEA aqueduct Salone Vergine	ACEAv
ACEA aqueduct Peschiera Capore	ACEAp

Spectrophotometric indices

Sample	Absorbance
Sample	200 nm^a	254 nm^b	440 nm^c	550 nm^d	664 nm^e	750 nm^f
VPb	2.104	0.013	0.000	0.000	0.000	0.002
VPco	2.093	0.034	0.003	0.001	0.004	0.004
VPca	2.048	0.028	0.006	0.003	0.004	0.000
J	2.074	0.022	0.013	0.012	0.009	0.005
GC	0.639	0.088	0.010	0.004	0.002	0.001
D	0.365	0.060	0.018	0.013	0.008	0.005
LN	2.093	0.021	0.013	0.010	0.008	0.005
DR	2.078	0.020	0.001	0.003	0.008	0.000
T	2.146	0.027	0.018	0.127	0.354	0.534
VPsp	0.720	0.008	0.002	0.002	0.002	0.003
Fsp	0.582	0.005	0.001	0.002	0.002	0.001
Tsp	0.627	0.006	0.001	0.003	0.004	0.000

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/chem-2023-0366 | Journal eISSN: 2391-5420

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Language: English

Submitted on: Jun 11, 2023

Accepted on: Jul 11, 2023

Published on: Oct 6, 2023

Published by: Sciendo

In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services

Keywords:

ancient spring waters,

cultural heritage,

GC,

IC,

spectrophotometry

Related subjects:

Inorganic chemistry,

Organic chemistry,

Chemistry, other

© 2023 Maria Pia Sammartino, Anna Grendene, Maria Luisa Astolfi, Stefania Marcheggiani, Laura Mancini, Matteo Vitali, Arianna Antonucci, Paola Baldassarri, Irma Della Giovampaola, Giovanni Visco, published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.

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