Table 1
General performance assumptions for key process components
Tabelle 1. Leistungsangaben und Wirkungsgrade wichtiger Prozesskomponenten
| Parameter | Value | Unit |
|---|---|---|
| ηCompr | 0.80 | - |
| ηmotor | 0.97 | - |
| ηSGT-800 | 0.39 | - |
| pratio SGT-800 | 21.4 : 1 | - |
| TSGT-800, out | 551 | °C |
Table 2
Technological setting for the heat supply processes for a paper mill
Tabelle 2. Technische Parameter zur Prozesswärmebereitung in der Papierindustrie
| Parameter | Value | Unit |
|---|---|---|
| TFeedwater | 120 | °C |
| T Steam, Out | 142 | °C |
| p Steam, out | 3.8 | bar(abs) |
| Δh | 2232 | kj/kg |
| ṁSteam | 44.8 | kg/s |
| Q̇process | 100 | MW |
Table 3
Assumptions and calculations for modelling the economic model of the capital related costs of heat production
Tabelle 3. Annahmen und Kalkulationen für das ökonomische Model zur Berechnung der Kapitalkosten der Prozesswärmebereitung
| Parameter | A | B | C | D | Unit | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Specific acquisition costs | 1 000 | 750 | 500 | 250 | EUR/kWQ | |
| I0 | 100 000 000 | 75 000 000 | 50 000 000 | 25 000 000 | EUR | |
| RW | 0 | EUR | ||||
| n | 20* | A | ||||
| t | 6 000 | H | ||||
| i | 5.0 | % | ||||
| QProcess | 600 000 | MWh/a | ||||
| CPersonnel | 40 000 | EUR/a | ||||
| CService | 10 000 | EUR/a | ||||
| DC | 5 000 000 | 3 750 000 | 2 500 000 | 1 250 000 | EUR/a | |
| IC | 2 500 000 | 1 875 000 | 1 250 000 | 625 000 | EUR/a | |
| CoHf, HTHP | 12.58 | 9.46 | 6.33 | 3.21 | EUR/MWh |
Table 4
Thermodynamic results of the simulation of the industrial heat supply for gas turbine and gas and steam turbine combined cycle processes
Tabelle 4. Thermodynamische Ergebnisse der Simulation der industriellen Prozesswärmebereitung mit Gasturbine und Gas- und Dampfturbine
| Gas turbine | ||
|---|---|---|
| ηel | 39.01 | % |
| ηheat | 45.21 | % |
| ηtotal | 84.22 | % |
| ζ | 49.82 | % |
| PFuel | 221 | MW |
| Pel | 86 | MW |
| Q̇Process | 100 | MW |
| Gas and steam turbine combined cycle | ||
| ηel | 46.49 | % |
| ηheat | 35.44 | % |
| ηtotal | 81.93 | % |
| ζ | 53.44 | % |
| PFuel | 282 | MW |
| Pel | 131 | MW |
| Q̇Process | 100 | MW |
Table 5
Simulation results for the industrial heat pump system assuming three different COP situations
Tabelle 5. Simulationsergebnisse für die industrielle Wärmepumpe bei drei unterschiedlichen COP’s
| Heat pump | ||
| Tevap | 50.0 | °C |
| Q̇in | 69 | MW |
| Pel | 33 | MW |
| Q̇Process | 100 | MW |
| COP | 3.0 | - |
| ζHP | 59.57 | % |
| Tevap | 75.0 | °C |
| Q̇in | 77 | MW |
| PeI | 25 | MW |
| Q̇Process | 100 | MW |
| COP | 4.0 | - |
| ζHP | 70.15 | % |
| Tevap | 90.0 | °C |
| Q̇in | 82 | MW |
| Pel | 20 | MW |
| Q̇Process | 100 | MW |
| COP | 5.0 | - |
| ζHP | 78.35 | % |
Figure 1
Consumption related costs of heat production depending on the electricity price. The graph shows the consumptions related costs for electricity and fuels, the gas price is assumed with 25.0 EUR/MWh (basis lower heating value).
Abbildung 1. Verbrauchsbezogenen Kosten der Wärmeproduktion in Abhängigkeit des Strompreises. Der Graph zeigt die verbrauchsbezogenen Wärmegestehungskosten bei einem Gaspreis von 25.0 EUR/MWh (bezogen auf den Heizwert).
Figure 2
Cumulative costs of heat for a gas turbine, a gas and steam turbine, a boiler and a heat pump system working with a COP of 4 from January 2013 until June 2016. The costs of heat of the heat pump system includes the investment costs, assumed with 500 EUR/kWQ and the consumption related costs.
Abbildung 2. Kumulativen Wärmegestehungskosten einer Gasturbine, einer Gas- und Dampfturbine, einem Boiler und einer Hochtemperaturwärmepumpe mit einem COP von 4 in der Periode von Januar 2013 bis Juni 2016. Die Wärmegestehungskosten der Wärmepumpe setzen sich aus den verbrauchsbezogenen Kosten und den Kapitalkosten bei spezifischen Investitionskosten von 500 EUR/kWQ zusammen.
Figure 3
Electricity and gas prices from January 2013 until June 2016 according to E-control (E-Control, 2016a, b)
Abbildung 3. Strom- und Gaspreise von Jänner 2013 bis Juni 2016 (E-Control, 2016a, b)
Figure 4
Economically best technology for industrial heat production depending on the cumulative costs of heat for the period from January 2013 until June 2016 according to different investment costs. The graph shows that HTHP and GT-CC were economic best, the gas turbine and the boiler had in this period higher costs for heat production.
Abbildung 4. Ökonomisch effizienteste Wärmebereitstellungsmethode in Abhängigkeit der kumulativen Wärmegestehungskosten von Jänner 2013 bis Juni 2016 bei unterschiedlichen spezifischen Investitionskosten. Das Diagramm zeigt, dass in der untersuchten Periode die Wärmepumpe und die Gas- und Dampfturbine die effizientesten industriellen Wärmebereitstellungsmethoden waren.
Table 6
Share of each heat production technology depending on the specific investment costs for the HTHP system in the period January 2013 to June 2016
Tabelle 6. Erzeugungsrate der einzelnen Wärmebereitstellungsmethoden in Abhängigkeit unterschiedlicher spezifischen Investitionskosten der Wärmepumpe von Jänner 2013 bis Juni 2016
| Specific investment | 1 000 | 750 | 500 | 250 | EUR/kWQ |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| B | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | % |
| GT | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | % |
| GT-CC | 54.8 | 42.9 | 31.0 | 23.8 | % |
| HTHP | 45.2 | 57.1 | 69.0 | 76.2 | % |
Figure 5
Sensitivity analysis of the consumption related costs of a GT-CC and the HTHP with a COP of 4 depending on different electricity and gas prices.
Abbildung 5. Sensitivitätsanalyse der verbrauchsbezogenen Kosten für eine Gas- und Dampfturbine und einer Wärmepumpe mit einem COP von 4 bei unterschiedlichen Energiekosten.
Figure 6
Pay-back time of a heat pump system working with a COP = 4 substituting a gas and steam turbine process according to different investment costs over a period from January 2013 until June 2016. The diagram also shows the monthly savings by using a HTHP for industrial heat production instead of a GT-CC.
Abbildung 6. Amortisationszeit eines Wärmepumpensystems mit einem COP von 4, wenn ein Gas- und Dampfturbinensystem substituiert wird. Der Graph zeigt die Amortisationszeiten und die monatlichen Einsparungen bei Einsatz einer Wärmepumpe bei unterschiedlichen spezifischen Investmentkosten in der Periode von Januar 2013 bis Juni 2016.
Nomenclature
| CCapital | capital costs | EUR/a |
| CEl | electricity price | EUR/MWh |
| CGas | gas price | EUR/MWh |
| Cpersonnel | Personal costs for operating the HTHP | EUR/a |
| CService | service costs of the HTHP | EUR/a |
| CoHGl>-CC | costs of heat for the GT and the GT-CC process | EUR/MWh |
| CoHv, HTHp | consumption related costs of heat for the HTHP | EUR/MWh |
| CoHf, HTHP | (fixed) capital and operation costs of heat for the HTHP | EUR/MWh |
| CoHHTHP | cumulative costs of heat for the HTHP | EUR/MWh |
| COP | coefficient of performance | - |
| DC | imputed depreciation | EUR/a |
| eFueI | specific exergy of the fuel | kJ/kg |
| ĖFuel | exergy stream of the fuel | MW |
| Ėin | exergy stream of the heat source of the heat pump | MW |
| ĖQ | exergy stream of the heat | MW |
| Δh | difference of specific enthalpy of the used process heat | kJ/kg |
| HL | lower heating value | MJ/kg |
| i | required rate of return | % |
| I0 | acquisition costs | EUR |
| IC | imputed interests | EUR/a |
| ṁFuel | mass flow of the fuel | kg/s |
| ṁsteam | mass flow of the steam used as process heat | kg/s |
| n | expected life time | a |
| Pel | electric power of the compressor | MW |
| PFuel | power of used fuel* | MW |
| Pratio SGT-800 | pressure ratio of the SGT-800 GT process | - |
| Psteam, out | minimum pressure level of the process steam | bar(abs) |
| Q̇ | heat stream | MW |
| Q̇in | heat source stream of the heat pump | MW |
| QProcess | process heat | MWh |
| Q̇process | heating power used as process heat | MW |
| RW | liquidity receipts | EUR |
| T0 | environmental temperature | °C |
| TFeedwater | feedwater temperature of the used process steam | °C |
| TQ | temperature of the heat | °C |
| TSGT-800, out | turbine outlet temperature of the SGT-800 GT process | °C |
| Tsteam, out | outlet temperature of the used process steam | °C |
Greek Letters
| ζ | exergetic efficiency of the GT and GT-CC process | - |
| ζHP | exergetic efficiency of the heat pump system | - |
| ηCompr | isentropic efficiency of the compressor | - |
| ηel | net electric efficiency of the GT process* | - |
| ηheat | heat utilization efficiency of the process* | - |
| ηmotor | conversion efficiency from the motor | - |
| ηWSGT-800 | gross efficiency of the SGT-800 GT process* | - |
| ηtotal | total fuel utilization efficiency | - |