The path of growth ring measurement.
Abbildung 1. Meßstrecke für die Jahrringmessung.
Table 1
Reference values for analyzed physical and structural indices of common walnut.
Tabelle 1. Referenzwerte für die analysierten physikalischen und strukturellen Kennwerte von Walnuß.
| Wood property | Range (minimum/average/maximum) | Source of information/author’s sampling | |
|---|---|---|---|
| MC (%) | -/-/105 | Vorreiter, 1963 | |
| BD (g · cm-3) | -/0.52/- | *** 2014 | |
| L*(%) | 57.4/39.5 | ||
| a* | 10.9/21.1 | Teischinger et al., 2012 | |
| b* | 24.7/49.9 | The two values define untreated(dry)/wetted surface | |
| C* | 27.1/54.4 | ||
| h | 66.1/67.0 | ||
| SW | -/87/- | ||
| L* (%) | TZ | -/82/- | |
| HW | -/52-60/- | ||
| Burtin et al., 1998 | |||
| SW | -/18/- | Age of trees: 17 years. Measurements performed on radial section, at 0.15 m height, in heartwood (HW), transition zone (TZ) and sapwood (SW) | |
| C* | TZ | -/21/- | |
| HW | -/18-20/- | ||
| SW | -/74/- | ||
| h | TZ | -/70/- | |
| HW | -/63-68/- | ||
| SW | 48/55/64 | ||
| L* (%) | TZ | 46/50/53 | |
| HW | 36/47/57 | ||
| SW | 6.2/9.4/12.4 | ||
| a* | TZ | 9.2/10.7/12.3 | Control sample, see the text |
| HW | 5.6/7.1/10.2 | ||
| SW | 17.3/23.1/26.6 | ||
| b* | TZ | 19.3/22.2/25.7 | |
| HW | 14.8/17.9/20.9 |
Table 2
Descriptive statistics of non-stratified distributions of analyzed indices.
Tabelle 2. Descriptive Statistik der nicht-stratifizierten Verteilung der analysierten Kennwerte.
| Variable | Mean | Median | Minimum | Maximum | Coefficient of variation (%) | W/ p* |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| RW (mm) | 3.00 | 2.72 | 0.098 | 24.45 | 55.34 | 0.94/0.061 |
| HP (%) | 2.81 | 0 | 0 | 15.15 | 142.64 | 0.74/<0.001 |
| MC (%) | 78.34 | 73.97 | 22.48 | 192.28 | 41.34 | 0.92/<0.001 |
| BD (g · cm–3) | 0.520 | 0.515 | 0.416 | 0.684 | 9.04 | 0.97/<0.01 |
| L* (%) | 79.62 | 83.06 | 51.14 | 87.95 | 11.39 | 0.75/<0.05 |
| a* | 1.96 | 1.72 | –4.94 | 6.96 | 84.58 | 0.97/<0.05 |
| b* | 19.47 | 19.35 | 14.28 | 38.61 | 11.55 | 0.83/<0.05 |
| h | 83.76 | 84.71 | 70.00 | 89.97 | 5.53 | 0.93//<0.001 |
| C* | 19.64 | 19.45 | 14.54 | 38.92 | 11.21 | 0.82/<0.001 |
* W statistics from Shapiro-Wilk normality test (if p≤0.05 then the hypothesis of normality should be rejected)
Table 3
Statistical significance of the influence of some factors on the indicators.
Tabelle 3. Signifikanz-Analyse bezüglich des Einflusses unterschiedlicher Faktoren auf die analysierten Kennwerte.
| Variables | Factors (independent discrete variables) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tree | Height’s cross section | Radius | Segment on radius* | |
| H statistic from Kruskall-Wallis test/p probability** | ||||
| RW | 39.11/<0.001 | 27.03/0.001 | 14.75/0.002 | - |
| HP | 7.93/0.09 | 22.90/0.004 | - | - |
| MC | 41.68/<0.001 | 8.23/0.31 | - | 3.80/0.05 |
| BD | 17.50/0.002 | 7.34/0.39 | 13.14/<0.001 | 9.56/0.008 |
| L* | 31.55/<0.001 | 68.76/<0.001 | 1.27/0.74 | 141.72/<0.001 |
| a* | 33.08/<0.001 | 75.16/<0.001 | 1.39/0.71 | 158.80/<0.001 |
| b* | 3.23/0.52 | 16.64/0.02 | 0.52/0.92 | 33.4/<0.001 |
| h | 29.18/<0.001 | 61.78/<0.001 | 1.50/0.68 | 159.28/<0.001 |
| C* | 3.33/0.50 | 15.65/0.03 | 0.38/0.94 | 21.90/<0.001 |
* Discrete variable with the following values: 1 for heartwood, 2 for transition zone, and 3 for sapwood
** Significance level 0.05
Variation of physical properties and structural features by tree (A: L*, B:a*, C:b*, D:h, E:C*, F:MC, G:RW, H:BD).
Abbildung 2A-H. Variation der physicalischen Eigenschaften und strukturellen Charakteristika nach Probebäumen (A: L*, B:a*, C:b*, D:h, E:C*, F:MC, G:RW, H:BD).
Ring width (RW) range in axial stratification.
Abbildung 3. Bereich der Ringbreite (RW) bei axialer Stratifikation.
Radial variation of growth ring width (RW) at different tree heights.
Abbildung 4. Radiale Variation der Ringbreite (RW) bei verschiedenen Baumhöhen.
Range variations of ring width (RW, left) and basic density (BD, right) in relation to cardinal directions (N = north; S = south; E = east; W = west).
Abbildung 5. Variationsbereich der Ringbreite (RW, links) und Dichte (BD, rechts) in Verhältnis zu den Hauptrichtungen (N = Norden; S = Süden; E = Osten; W = Westen).
Regression of relative heartwood content depending on the distance from the ground (R2 from Spearman rank order correlation).
Abbildung 6. Regression des relativen Kernholzanteiles in Abhängigkeit von der Höhe über dem Grund.
Table 4
Statistical coverage of differences between the wood in the transition zone and the wood in the other two radial zones.
Tabelle 4. Vergleichende Analyse zwischen dem Holz der Übergangszone und dem Holz in den anderen beiden radialen Zonen.
| Variable | Comparison with heartwood | Comparison with sapwood |
|---|---|---|
| Probabilities (significance level 0.05) | ||
| BD | 0.95 | 0.13 |
| L* | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| a* | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| b* | <0.001 | 0.20 |
| h | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| C* | <0.001 | 0.59 |
Table 5
The range of color in radial stratification of examined material.
Tabelle 5. Variationsbereich der Farbe bei radialer Stratifikation des analysierten Materials.
| Variable | Heartwood | Transition from sapwood | Sapwood |
|---|---|---|---|
| Hingespread (1st quartile to 3rd quartile) | |||
| L* | 56.65–75.53 | 78.09–83.73 | 83.25–86.37 |
| a* | 3.09–4.77 | 1.76–3.04 | 0.42–1.38 |
| b* | 15.99–19.70 | 18.53–20.22 | 18.79–21.00 |
| h | 74.54–80.42 | 81.20–84.87 | 85.73–88.48 |
| C* | 16.59–19.95 | 18.67–20.33 | 18.83–21.00 |
Tree diagram of relations between the analyzed qualitative wood variables.
Abbildung 7. Clusteranalyse des Zusammenhanges zwischen den einzelnen untersuchten qualitativen Holzvariablen.
Dependence of heartwood brightness on the rate of radial growth of trees.
Abbildung 8. Abhängigkeit der Helligkeit des Kernholzes von der Rate des Radialzuwachses.