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Electrorheological characterization of complex fluids used in electrohydrodynamic processes: Technical issues and challenges Cover

Electrorheological characterization of complex fluids used in electrohydrodynamic processes: Technical issues and challenges

Applied Rheology
Volume 34 (2024): Issue 1 (January 2024)
By: Pedro C. Rijo and  Francisco J. Galindo-Rosales  
Open Access
|Dec 2024

Figures & Tables

Figure 1

Schematic illustration of the EHD jet printing (a), electrospinning (b), and electrospray (c). Schematic representation of the forces acting on a Taylor cone during an EHD process (d). Adapted from [4,5].
Schematic illustration of the EHD jet printing (a), electrospinning (b), and electrospray (c). Schematic representation of the forces acting on a Taylor cone during an EHD process (d). Adapted from [4,5].

Figure 2

Electric and flow field configurations occurring in an EHD printing process compared with the configurations allowed by the ER cells developed so far for rotational and extensional rheometers. Reproduced with permission from [36].
Electric and flow field configurations occurring in an EHD printing process compared with the configurations allowed by the ER cells developed so far for rotational and extensional rheometers. Reproduced with permission from [36].

Figure 3

Electrorheological cells developed by: (a) Anton Paar, (b) TA Instruments, and (c) Bohlin Gemini. Reprinted with permissions of [40].
Electrorheological cells developed by: (a) Anton Paar, (b) TA Instruments, and (c) Bohlin Gemini. Reprinted with permissions of [40].

Figure 4

Shear stress dependent on shear rate: (left) different geometrical arrangements (PP and CC, same rheometer) and (right) same geometrical arrangement (PP or CC, different rheometers). Reprinted with permission of [40].
Shear stress dependent on shear rate: (left) different geometrical arrangements (PP and CC, same rheometer) and (right) same geometrical arrangement (PP or CC, different rheometers). Reprinted with permission of [40].

Figure 5

Shear viscosity dependent on shear stress for different concentrations of EC dissolved in toluene without application of electric field. Fill and open symbols represent the experimental data obtained from a normal rheological cell (T = 0.1 μN m) and wired ER cell (T = 30 μN m).
Shear viscosity dependent on shear stress for different concentrations of EC dissolved in toluene without application of electric field. Fill and open symbols represent the experimental data obtained from a normal rheological cell (T = 0.1 μN m) and wired ER cell (T = 30 μN m).

Figure 6

Quantitative comparison of the flow curves obtained by means of an ER cell using a wire (a) and an electrolyte solution (b). Reprinted with permissions of [16].
Quantitative comparison of the flow curves obtained by means of an ER cell using a wire (a) and an electrolyte solution (b). Reprinted with permissions of [16].

Figure 7

Schematic illustration of the electrical circuit represents the way an ER cell works.
Schematic illustration of the electrical circuit represents the way an ER cell works.

Figure 8

Comparison of the maximum conductivity allowed for each electric field and plate radius for the voltage generator commercialized by Anton Paar (a) and TA Instruments (b).
Comparison of the maximum conductivity allowed for each electric field and plate radius for the voltage generator commercialized by Anton Paar (a) and TA Instruments (b).

Figure 9

The dependence of the electrical conductivity on the plate radius of a rotational rheometer coupled hypothetically to an HVS that allows a maximum current intensity of 200 mA.
The dependence of the electrical conductivity on the plate radius of a rotational rheometer coupled hypothetically to an HVS that allows a maximum current intensity of 200 mA.

Figure 10

Schematic solution proposed by Rubio et al. [53]. Reprinted with permission of [53].
Schematic solution proposed by Rubio et al. [53]. Reprinted with permission of [53].

Figure 11

The dependence of the electrical conductivity on the plate diameter of a CaBER coupled to a HVS of 1 mA (left) and coupled hypothetically to HVS of 20 mA (right).
The dependence of the electrical conductivity on the plate diameter of a CaBER coupled to a HVS of 1 mA (left) and coupled hypothetically to HVS of 20 mA (right).

Figure 12

Electrified version of the drop-on-substrate methodology for performing electrorheology. Reprinted from [58,59,60,61].
Electrified version of the drop-on-substrate methodology for performing electrorheology. Reprinted from [58,59,60,61].

Figure 13

The four possible configurations for the microelectrorheometer allowing to expand the limitations of the current ER cells available for the commercial rheometers. Different configurations for the integrated Microelectrorheometer, all of them containing the following components: the main microchannel (1) through which the fluid sample flows in the direction indicated by (24), the external electric field (4) between the auxiliary microchannels (2) acting as electrodes by means of the voltage supplier (3). Reproduced from [87].
The four possible configurations for the microelectrorheometer allowing to expand the limitations of the current ER cells available for the commercial rheometers. Different configurations for the integrated Microelectrorheometer, all of them containing the following components: the main microchannel (1) through which the fluid sample flows in the direction indicated by (24), the external electric field (4) between the auxiliary microchannels (2) acting as electrodes by means of the voltage supplier (3). Reproduced from [87].

Threshold values of the main parameters that affect the EHD techniques_ Adapted from [4]

EHD-jet printingElectrospinningElectrospray
Voltage (kV)0.5–31–1510–30
Working distance (mm)0.1–110–50100–250
Viscosity (mPa s)<100100–10,000<50
Surface tension (mN/m)20–5015–64<50
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/arh-2024-0024 | Journal eISSN: 1617-8106
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Language: English
Submitted on: Sep 3, 2024
Accepted on: Nov 26, 2024
Published on: Dec 16, 2024
Published by: Sciendo
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Keywords:
conductive fluids,
electro hydrodynamic processes,
shear flow,
extensional flow,
microfluidics
Related subjects:
Physics,
Mechanics and fluid dynamics,
Materials sciences,
Polymers,
Industrial chemistry,
Polymer science and technology,
Chemistry,
Macromolecular chemistry

© 2024 Pedro C. Rijo, Francisco J. Galindo-Rosales, published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.

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