Phytochemical characterization, and antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of essential oil from leaves of the common sage Salvia officinalis L. from Abha, Saudi Arabia

El Jery, Atef; Hasan, Mudassir; Rashid, Md Mamoon; Al Mesfer, Mohammed Khaloofah; Danish, Mohd; Ben Rebah, Faouzi

doi:10.1515/abm-2020-0035

Figures & Tables

Gas chromatogram of essential oil from leaves of Salvia officinalis L. A Hewlett Packard HP 5890 gas chromatography system coupled with an HP 5972 Mass Selective Detector set to scan from 20 m/z to 550 m/z was used with a DB-5 capillary column (length 25 m; Agilent Technologies). The carrier gas was helium at a linear velocity of 30.1 cm/s and an inlet pressure of 99.8 kPa. The detector temperature was 250 °C with a 1.2 mL/min carrier gas flow rate. Feed oil with 1% hexane was injected in a split mode in 0.2 μL at 240 °C. The ionization energy was 70 eV. The flame ionization detection peaks are indicative of various constituents of the essential oil that were recognized by comparing their retention time and mass spectra with entries in the Wiley version 7.0 and National Institute of Standards and Technology 05 MS (NIST) spectral data libraries. Relative abundance and retention times are shown for the following: (a) α-pinene; (b) camphene; (c) β-pinene; (d) myrcene; (e) 1,8-cineole; (f) α-thujone; (g) camphor; (h) carvone; (i) bornyl acetate; (j) β-bourbonene; (k) trans-β-caryophyllene; (l) germacrene D; (m), globulol; and (n) viridiflorol.

2,2′-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging activity (% inhibition) of essential oil from the leaves of Salvia officinalis L. in methanol. Absorbance was determined at 517 nm. Means and standard deviations of triplicate measurements are presented. A regression line shows y = 0.033x + 17.99; R2 = 0.898. IC50 = 970 ± 5.5 μg/mL. Error bars indicate standard deviation.

Comparative data for the regional chemical profiles of essential oils from the common sage Salvia officinalis_

Chemical class and components	Abha (Saudi Arabia) [present work]	Tunisia [10]	Greece [11]	Algeria [12]	Serbia and Montenegro [13]	Iran [14]	Kashmir [15]	Turkey [16]
Monoterpene hydrocarbons

α-Pinene	1.15 ± 0.1	1.95	3.3	0.22	4.58	3.5	7.69	3.02
Camphene	2.58 ± 0.17	0.98	1.31	0.41	5.28	0.25	6.11	0.6
β-Pinene	2.06 ± 0.05	5.11	–	0.37	1.69	0.25	28.33	13.08
Myrcene	1.26 ± 0.11	2.04	0.4	0.25	0.75	–	–	1.02
α-Terpinene	0.32 ± 0.03	0.41	0.19	–	0.34	–	0.26	0.27
p-Cymene	0.36 ± 0.02	0.35	0.32	–	1.89	–	1.19	–
γ-Terpinene	0.59 ± 0.05	0.83	0.27	–	0.59	–	0.66	–
α-Terpinolene	0.53 ± 0.04	0.28	0.58	–	0.38	–	0.46	–

Monoterpenes, oxygenated

1,8-Cineole	15.0 ± 0.51	19.98	41.2	22.97	18.54	7.5	7.76	–
α-Thujone	14.9 ± 0.35	18.35	7.2	36.74	25.35	–	40.45	4.68
β-Thujone	5.68 ± 0.27	7.1	5.58	8.81	6.04	–	4.97	31.9
Camphor	20.3 ± 0.91	7.23	25.3	11.34	24.8	–	36.97	–
Pinocamphone	0.38 ± 0.03	0.55	–	–	0.34	1.8	–	–
Borneol	2.16 ± 0.14	1.2	3.73	2.94	8.5	1.6	18.38	3.14
α-Terpineol	1.15 ± 0.06	0.79	0.14	0.25	0.22	3.8	0.5	–
Carvone	6.2 ± 0.15	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Bornyl acetate	1.6 ± 0.07	0.25	1.8	–	4.91	0.12	2.1	–

Sesquiterpene hydrocarbons

β-Bourbonene	0.89 ± 0.03	0.03	–	–	–	–	–	–
β-Elemene	0.82 ± 0.03	0.03	–	–	–	–	–	–
trans-β-Caryophyllene	4.01 ± 0.73	6.48	4.48	1.54	–	11.5	17.32	3.08
α-Humulene	2.13 ± 0.11	6.27	2.56	3.15	12.49	–	3.6	10.17
Germacrene D	2.52 ± 0.53	0.02	–	–	–	2.7	0.42	–
Germacrene B	0.9 ± 0.08	–	–	–	–	–	–	–

Sesquiterpenes, oxygenated

Globulol	1.67 ± 0.16	0.12	–	–	–	0.74	–	–
Viridiflorol	9.9 ± 0.67	16.32	2.61	–	26.1	–	2.16	10.74

Sesquiterpenoid, oxygenated

Humulene epoxide	0.86 ± 0.02	0.85	1.8	–	1.82	–	1.06	–

Antibacterial activity of essential oil from Salvia officinalis L_

Gram staining	Bacteria	Inhibition diameter (mm)		MIC^† (μg/mL)	MBC^‡ (μg/mL)

		EO	Gentamycin
Positive	Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29212	16.6 ± 0.23	17.4 ± 0.95	658.6 ± 37.2	869.6 ± 95.8
	Micrococcus luteus ATCC 4698	9.5 ± 0.47	19.8 ± 0.89	128.3 ± 9.7	121.2 ± 8.1
	Salmonella enterica ATCC 35664	14.2 ± 0.51	18.2 ± 0.51	1,398.1 ± 50.7	1,387.4 ± 161.8
	Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6633	24.8 ± 0.11	20.9 ± 0.42	62.2 ± 3.9	120.3 ± 7.6
	Streptococcus aureus ATCC 29213	23.5 ± 0.57	17.7 ± 0.55	123.5 ± 5.7	153 ± 6.2

Negative	Escherichia coli ATCC 8739	25.2 ± 0.41	21.1 ± 0.25	350.2 ± 6.4	386 ± 8.3
	Klebsiella pneumoniae ATCC 10031	22.6 ± 0.73	18.7 ± 0.93	450.3 ± 56.6	557.1 ± 96.7
	Shigella sonnei ATCC 29930	15.4 ± 0.17	18.2 ± 0.63	968.4 ± 120.6	995.2 ± 145.6
	Agrobacterium tumefaciens ATCC 23308	8.7 ± 0.28	19.1 ± 0.31	650.7 ± 40.8	1,225.2 ± 100.9
	Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 9027	21.3 ± 0.34	18.2 ± 0.54	323.4 ± 69.5	394.8 ± 86.8

Composition of essential oil extracted from leaves of Salvia officinalis L_ by hydrodistillation

Volatile compound^† and chemical class	Retention time (min)	RI^‡	Percentage of total EO^§	Formula
α-Pinene	4.42	938	1.15 ± 0.1	C₁₀H₁₆
Camphene	4.64	954	2.58 ± 0.17	C₁₀H₁₆
β-Pinene	5.04	980	2.06 ± 0.05	C₁₀H₁₆
Myrcene	5.18	994	1.26 ± 0.11	C₁₀H₁₆
α-Terpinene	5.59	1,018	0.32 ± 0.03	C₁₀H₁₆
p-Cymene	5.73	1,026	0.36 ± 0.02	C₁₀H₁₄
γ-Terpinene	6.21	1,062	0.59 ± 0.05	C₁₀H₁₆
α-Terpinolene	6.66	1,090	0.53 ± 0.04	C₁₀H₁₆
Monoterpene hydrocarbons			8.85

1,8-Cineole	5.86	1,035	15.0 ± 0.51	C₁₀H₁₈O
α-Thujone	7.02	1,109	14.9 ± 0.35	C₁₀H₁₆O
β-Thujone	7.15	1,120	5.7 ± 0.27	C₁₀H₁₆O
Camphor	7.64	1,148	20.3 ± 0.91	C₁₀H₁₆O
Pinocamphone	7.80	1,161	0.38 ± 0.03	C₁₀H₁₆O
Borneol	7.89	1,168	2.16 ± 0.14	C₁₀H₁₈O
α-Terpineol	8.03	1,176	1.15 ± 0.06	C₁₀H₁₈O
Carvone	9.01	1,248	6.2 ± 0.15	C₁₀H₁₄O
Bornyl acetate	9.54	1,286	1.6 ± 0.07	C₁₂H₂₀O₂
Oxygenated monoterpenes			67.36

β-Bourbonene	10.93	1,385	0.89 ± 0.03	C₁₅H₂₄
β-Elemene	10.98	1,391	0.82 ± 0.03	C₁₅H₂₄
trans-β-Caryophyllene	11.41	1,419	4.01 ± 0.73	C₁₅H₂₄
α-Humulene	11.85	1,455	2.13 ± 0.11	C₁₅H₂₄
Germacrene-D	12.18	1,462	2.52 ± 0.53	C₁₅H₂₄
Germacrene-B	12.37	1,535	0.9 ± 0.08	C₁₅H₂₄
Sesquiterpene hydrocarbons			11.27

Globulol	13.48	1,590	1.67 ± 0.16	C₁₅H₂₆O
Viridiflorol	13.61	1,591	9.9 ± 0.67	C₁₅H₂₆O
Oxygenated sesquiterpenes			11.58

Humulene epoxide	13.78	1,606	0.86 ± 0.02	C₁₅H₂₄O
Oxygenated sesquiterpenoid			0.86

Total identified	99.92

Phytochemical characterization, and antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of essential oil from leaves of the common sage Salvia officinalis L. from Abha, Saudi Arabia

Figures & Tables

Figure 1

Figure 2

Comparative data for the regional chemical profiles of essential oils from the common sage Salvia officinalis_

Antibacterial activity of essential oil from Salvia officinalis L_

Composition of essential oil extracted from leaves of Salvia officinalis L_ by hydrodistillation

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