Figure 1
Gas chromatogram of essential oil from leaves of Salvia officinalis L. A Hewlett Packard HP 5890 gas chromatography system coupled with an HP 5972 Mass Selective Detector set to scan from 20 m/z to 550 m/z was used with a DB-5 capillary column (length 25 m; Agilent Technologies). The carrier gas was helium at a linear velocity of 30.1 cm/s and an inlet pressure of 99.8 kPa. The detector temperature was 250 °C with a 1.2 mL/min carrier gas flow rate. Feed oil with 1% hexane was injected in a split mode in 0.2 μL at 240 °C. The ionization energy was 70 eV. The flame ionization detection peaks are indicative of various constituents of the essential oil that were recognized by comparing their retention time and mass spectra with entries in the Wiley version 7.0 and National Institute of Standards and Technology 05 MS (NIST) spectral data libraries. Relative abundance and retention times are shown for the following: (a) α-pinene; (b) camphene; (c) β-pinene; (d) myrcene; (e) 1,8-cineole; (f) α-thujone; (g) camphor; (h) carvone; (i) bornyl acetate; (j) β-bourbonene; (k) trans-β-caryophyllene; (l) germacrene D; (m), globulol; and (n) viridiflorol.
Table 1
Composition of essential oil extracted from leaves of Salvia officinalis L. by hydrodistillation
| Volatile compound† and chemical class | Retention time (min) | RI‡ | Percentage of total EO§ | Formula |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| α-Pinene | 4.42 | 938 | 1.15 ± 0.1 | C10H16 |
| Camphene | 4.64 | 954 | 2.58 ± 0.17 | C10H16 |
| β-Pinene | 5.04 | 980 | 2.06 ± 0.05 | C10H16 |
| Myrcene | 5.18 | 994 | 1.26 ± 0.11 | C10H16 |
| α-Terpinene | 5.59 | 1,018 | 0.32 ± 0.03 | C10H16 |
| p-Cymene | 5.73 | 1,026 | 0.36 ± 0.02 | C10H14 |
| γ-Terpinene | 6.21 | 1,062 | 0.59 ± 0.05 | C10H16 |
| α-Terpinolene | 6.66 | 1,090 | 0.53 ± 0.04 | C10H16 |
| Monoterpene hydrocarbons | 8.85 | |||
| 1,8-Cineole | 5.86 | 1,035 | 15.0 ± 0.51 | C10H18O |
| α-Thujone | 7.02 | 1,109 | 14.9 ± 0.35 | C10H16O |
| β-Thujone | 7.15 | 1,120 | 5.7 ± 0.27 | C10H16O |
| Camphor | 7.64 | 1,148 | 20.3 ± 0.91 | C10H16O |
| Pinocamphone | 7.80 | 1,161 | 0.38 ± 0.03 | C10H16O |
| Borneol | 7.89 | 1,168 | 2.16 ± 0.14 | C10H18O |
| α-Terpineol | 8.03 | 1,176 | 1.15 ± 0.06 | C10H18O |
| Carvone | 9.01 | 1,248 | 6.2 ± 0.15 | C10H14O |
| Bornyl acetate | 9.54 | 1,286 | 1.6 ± 0.07 | C12H20O2 |
| Oxygenated monoterpenes | 67.36 | |||
| β-Bourbonene | 10.93 | 1,385 | 0.89 ± 0.03 | C15H24 |
| β-Elemene | 10.98 | 1,391 | 0.82 ± 0.03 | C15H24 |
| trans-β-Caryophyllene | 11.41 | 1,419 | 4.01 ± 0.73 | C15H24 |
| α-Humulene | 11.85 | 1,455 | 2.13 ± 0.11 | C15H24 |
| Germacrene-D | 12.18 | 1,462 | 2.52 ± 0.53 | C15H24 |
| Germacrene-B | 12.37 | 1,535 | 0.9 ± 0.08 | C15H24 |
| Sesquiterpene hydrocarbons | 11.27 | |||
| Globulol | 13.48 | 1,590 | 1.67 ± 0.16 | C15H26O |
| Viridiflorol | 13.61 | 1,591 | 9.9 ± 0.67 | C15H26O |
| Oxygenated sesquiterpenes | 11.58 | |||
| Humulene epoxide | 13.78 | 1,606 | 0.86 ± 0.02 | C15H24O |
| Oxygenated sesquiterpenoid | 0.86 | |||
| Total identified | 99.92 | |||
Figure 2
2,2′-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging activity (% inhibition) of essential oil from the leaves of Salvia officinalis L. in methanol. Absorbance was determined at 517 nm. Means and standard deviations of triplicate measurements are presented. A regression line shows y = 0.033x + 17.99; R2 = 0.898. IC50 = 970 ± 5.5 μg/mL. Error bars indicate standard deviation.
Table 2
Antibacterial activity of essential oil from Salvia officinalis L.
| Gram staining | Bacteria | Inhibition diameter (mm) | MIC† (μg/mL) | MBC‡ (μg/mL) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| EO | Gentamycin | ||||
| Positive | Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29212 | 16.6 ± 0.23 | 17.4 ± 0.95 | 658.6 ± 37.2 | 869.6 ± 95.8 |
| Micrococcus luteus ATCC 4698 | 9.5 ± 0.47 | 19.8 ± 0.89 | 128.3 ± 9.7 | 121.2 ± 8.1 | |
| Salmonella enterica ATCC 35664 | 14.2 ± 0.51 | 18.2 ± 0.51 | 1,398.1 ± 50.7 | 1,387.4 ± 161.8 | |
| Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6633 | 24.8 ± 0.11 | 20.9 ± 0.42 | 62.2 ± 3.9 | 120.3 ± 7.6 | |
| Streptococcus aureus ATCC 29213 | 23.5 ± 0.57 | 17.7 ± 0.55 | 123.5 ± 5.7 | 153 ± 6.2 | |
| Negative | Escherichia coli ATCC 8739 | 25.2 ± 0.41 | 21.1 ± 0.25 | 350.2 ± 6.4 | 386 ± 8.3 |
| Klebsiella pneumoniae ATCC 10031 | 22.6 ± 0.73 | 18.7 ± 0.93 | 450.3 ± 56.6 | 557.1 ± 96.7 | |
| Shigella sonnei ATCC 29930 | 15.4 ± 0.17 | 18.2 ± 0.63 | 968.4 ± 120.6 | 995.2 ± 145.6 | |
| Agrobacterium tumefaciens ATCC 23308 | 8.7 ± 0.28 | 19.1 ± 0.31 | 650.7 ± 40.8 | 1,225.2 ± 100.9 | |
| Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 9027 | 21.3 ± 0.34 | 18.2 ± 0.54 | 323.4 ± 69.5 | 394.8 ± 86.8 | |
Table 3
Comparative data for the regional chemical profiles of essential oils from the common sage Salvia officinalis.
| Chemical class and components | Abha (Saudi Arabia) [present work] | Tunisia [10] | Greece [11] | Algeria [12] | Serbia and Montenegro [13] | Iran [14] | Kashmir [15] | Turkey [16] |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Monoterpene hydrocarbons | ||||||||
| α-Pinene | 1.15 ± 0.1 | 1.95 | 3.3 | 0.22 | 4.58 | 3.5 | 7.69 | 3.02 |
| Camphene | 2.58 ± 0.17 | 0.98 | 1.31 | 0.41 | 5.28 | 0.25 | 6.11 | 0.6 |
| β-Pinene | 2.06 ± 0.05 | 5.11 | – | 0.37 | 1.69 | 0.25 | 28.33 | 13.08 |
| Myrcene | 1.26 ± 0.11 | 2.04 | 0.4 | 0.25 | 0.75 | – | – | 1.02 |
| α-Terpinene | 0.32 ± 0.03 | 0.41 | 0.19 | – | 0.34 | – | 0.26 | 0.27 |
| p-Cymene | 0.36 ± 0.02 | 0.35 | 0.32 | – | 1.89 | – | 1.19 | – |
| γ-Terpinene | 0.59 ± 0.05 | 0.83 | 0.27 | – | 0.59 | – | 0.66 | – |
| α-Terpinolene | 0.53 ± 0.04 | 0.28 | 0.58 | – | 0.38 | – | 0.46 | – |
| Monoterpenes, oxygenated | ||||||||
| 1,8-Cineole | 15.0 ± 0.51 | 19.98 | 41.2 | 22.97 | 18.54 | 7.5 | 7.76 | – |
| α-Thujone | 14.9 ± 0.35 | 18.35 | 7.2 | 36.74 | 25.35 | – | 40.45 | 4.68 |
| β-Thujone | 5.68 ± 0.27 | 7.1 | 5.58 | 8.81 | 6.04 | – | 4.97 | 31.9 |
| Camphor | 20.3 ± 0.91 | 7.23 | 25.3 | 11.34 | 24.8 | – | 36.97 | – |
| Pinocamphone | 0.38 ± 0.03 | 0.55 | – | – | 0.34 | 1.8 | – | – |
| Borneol | 2.16 ± 0.14 | 1.2 | 3.73 | 2.94 | 8.5 | 1.6 | 18.38 | 3.14 |
| α-Terpineol | 1.15 ± 0.06 | 0.79 | 0.14 | 0.25 | 0.22 | 3.8 | 0.5 | – |
| Carvone | 6.2 ± 0.15 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Bornyl acetate | 1.6 ± 0.07 | 0.25 | 1.8 | – | 4.91 | 0.12 | 2.1 | – |
| Sesquiterpene hydrocarbons | ||||||||
| β-Bourbonene | 0.89 ± 0.03 | 0.03 | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| β-Elemene | 0.82 ± 0.03 | 0.03 | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| trans-β-Caryophyllene | 4.01 ± 0.73 | 6.48 | 4.48 | 1.54 | – | 11.5 | 17.32 | 3.08 |
| α-Humulene | 2.13 ± 0.11 | 6.27 | 2.56 | 3.15 | 12.49 | – | 3.6 | 10.17 |
| Germacrene D | 2.52 ± 0.53 | 0.02 | – | – | – | 2.7 | 0.42 | – |
| Germacrene B | 0.9 ± 0.08 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Sesquiterpenes, oxygenated | ||||||||
| Globulol | 1.67 ± 0.16 | 0.12 | – | – | – | 0.74 | – | – |
| Viridiflorol | 9.9 ± 0.67 | 16.32 | 2.61 | – | 26.1 | – | 2.16 | 10.74 |
| Sesquiterpenoid, oxygenated | ||||||||
| Humulene epoxide | 0.86 ± 0.02 | 0.85 | 1.8 | – | 1.82 | – | 1.06 | – |