Sex Disparities in Cardiovascular Disease

Madeline K. Mahowald; Khadeeja Esmail; Fatima M. Ezzeddine; Calvin Choi; Hanna Mieszczanska; Gladys Velarde

doi:10.14797/mdcvj.1328

Sex Disparities in Cardiovascular Disease

Methodist DeBakey Cardiovascular Journal

Volume 20 (2024): Issue 2

By: Madeline K. Mahowald , Khadeeja Esmail , Fatima M. Ezzeddine , Calvin Choi, Hanna Mieszczanska and Gladys Velarde

Open Access

|Mar 2024

Prescott E, Hippe M, Schnohr P, Hein HO, Vestbo J. Smoking and risk of myocardial infarction in women and men: longitudinal population study. BMJ. 1998 Apr 4;316(7137):1043-7. doi: 10.1136/bmj.316.7137.1043
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Trinidad DR, Pérez-Stable EJ, Emery SL, White MM, Grana RA, Messer KS. Intermittent and light daily smoking across racial/ethnic groups in the United States. Nicotine Tob Res. 2009 Feb;11(2):203-10. doi: 10.1093/ntr/ntn018
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Mottillo S, Filion KB, Genest J, et al. The metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2010 Sep 28;56(14):1113-32. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2010.05.034
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Peters SA, Huxley RR, Woodward M. Diabetes as risk factor for incident coronary heart disease in women compared with men: a systematic review and meta-analysis of 64 cohorts including 858,507 individuals and 28,203 coronary events. Diabetologia. 2014 Aug;57(8):1542-51. doi: 10.1007/s00125-014-3260-6
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Blüher M. Obesity: global epidemiology and pathogenesis. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2019 May;15(5):288-298. doi: 10.1038/s41574-019-0176-8
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Hales CM, Carroll MD, Fryar CD, Ogden CL. Prevalence of obesity among adults and youth: United States, 2015–2016. NCHS Data Brief. 2017 Oct:(288):1-8. PMID: 29155689
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Wenger NK, Arnold A, Bairey Merz CN, et al. Hypertension across a woman’s life cycle. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2018 Apr 24;71(16):1797-1813. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2018.02.033
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Mehta L, Velarde G, Lewey J, et al. American Heart Association Cardiovascular Disease and Stroke in Women and Underrepresented Populations Committee of the Council on Clinical Cardiology; Council on Cardiovascular and Stroke Nursing; Council on Hypertension; Council on Lifelong Congenital Heart Disease and Heart Health in the Young; Council on Lifestyle and Cardiometabolic Health; Council on Peripheral Vascular Disease; and Stroke Council. Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors in Women: The Impact of Race and Ethnicity: A Scientific Statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2023 May 9;147(19):1471-1487. doi: 10.1161/CIR.0000000000001139
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Holven KB, van Lennep JR. Sex differences in lipids: a life course approach. Atherosclerosis. 2023 Nov;384::117270. doi: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2023.117270
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Shoenfeld Y, Gerli R, Doria A, et al. Accelerated atherosclerosis in autoimmune rheumatic diseases. Circulation. 2005 Nov 22;112(21):3337-47. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.104.507996
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Ohman RE, Yang EH, Abel ML. Inequity in Cardio-Oncology: Identifying Disparities in Cardiotoxicity and Links to Cardiac and Cancer Outcomes. J Am Heart Assoc. 2021 Dec 21;10(24):e023852. doi: 10.1161/JAHA.121.023852
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Jain V, Al Rifai M, Turpin R, et al. Evaluation of Factors Underlying Sex-Based Disparities in Cardiovascular Care in Adults With Self-Reported Premature Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease. JAMA Cardiol. 2022 Mar 1;7(3):341-345. doi: 10.1001/jamacardio.2021.5430
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Zhu F, Qi H, Bos M, Boersma E, Kavousi M. Female Reproductive Factors and Risk of New-Onset Heart Failure: Findings From UK Biobank. JACC Heart Fail. 2023 Sep;11(9):1203-1212. doi: 10.1016/j.jchf.2023.02.019
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
O’Kelly AC, Michos ED, Shufelt CL, et al. Pregnancy and reproductive risk factors for cardiovascular disease in women. Circ Res. 2022 Feb 18;130(4):652-672. doi: 10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.121.319895
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Guan C, Zahid S, Minhas AS, et al. Polycystic ovary syndrome: a “risk-enhancing” factor for cardiovascular disease. Fertil Steril. 2022 May;117(5):924-935. doi: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2022.03.009
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Lau ES, Wang D, Roberts M, et al. Infertility and risk of heart failure in the Women’s Health Initiative. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2022 Apr 26;79(16):1594-1603. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2022.02.020
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Wang Y-X, Mínguez-Alarcón L, Gaskins AJ, et al. Pregnancy loss and risk of cardiovascular disease: the Nurses’ Health Study II. Eur Heart J. 2022 Jan 25;43(3):190-199. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehab737
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Li W, Ruan W, Lu Z, Wang D. Parity and risk of maternal cardiovascular disease: a dose–response meta-analysis of cohort studies. Eur J Prev Cardiol. 2019 Apr;26(6):592-602. doi: 10.1177/2047487318818265
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Grandi SM, Filion KB, Yoon S, et al. Cardiovascular Disease-Related Morbidity and Mortality in Women With a History of Pregnancy Complications. Circulation. 2019 Feb 19;139(8):1069-1079. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.118.036748
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Vogel B, Acevedo M, Appelman Y, et al. The Lancet women and cardiovascular disease Commission: reducing the global burden by 2030. Lancet. 2021 Jun 19;397(10292):2385-2438. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(21)00684-X
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Lichtman JH, Leifheit EC, Safdar B, et al. Sex Differences in the Presentation and Perception of Symptoms Among Young Patients With Myocardial Infarction: Evidence from the VIRGO Study (Variation in Recovery: Role of Gender on Outcomes of Young AMI Patients). Circulation. 2018 Feb 20;137(8):781-790. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.117.031650
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Murphy AC, Yudi MB, Farouque O, et al. Impact of gender and door-to-balloon times on long-term mortality in patients presenting with ST-elevation myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol. 2019 Sep 15;124(6):833-841. doi: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2019.06.008
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Stehli J, Martin C, Brennan A, Dinh DT, Lefkovits J, Zaman S. Sex differences persist in time to presentation, revascularization, and mortality in myocardial infarction treated with percutaneous coronary intervention. J Am Heart Assoc. 2019 May 21;8(10):e012161. doi: 10.1161/JAHA.119.012161
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Solhpour A, Chang KW, Arain SA, et al. Ischemic time is a better predictor than door-to-balloon time for mortality and infarct size in ST-elevation myocardial infarction. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv. 2016 Jun;87(7):1194-200. doi: 10.1002/ccd.26230
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Yiadom MYA, Gong W, Patterson BW, et al. Fallacy of Median Door-to-ECG Time: Hidden Opportunities for STEMI Screening Improvement. J Am Heart Assoc. 2022 May 3;11(9):e024067. doi: 10.1161/JAHA.121.024067
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Banco D, Chang J, Talmor N, et al. Sex and race differences in the evaluation and treatment of young adults presenting to the emergency department with chest pain. J Am Heart Assoc. 2022 May 17;11(10):e024199. doi: 10.1161/JAHA.121.024199
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Huded CP, Johnson M, Kravitz K, et al. 4-step protocol for disparities in STEMI care and outcomes in women. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2018 May 15;71(19):2122-32. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2018.02.039
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Potts J, Sirker A, Martinez SC, et al. Persistent sex disparities in clinical outcomes with percutaneous coronary intervention: insights from 6.6 million PCI procedures in the United States. PLoS One. 2018 Sep 4;13(9):e0203325. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0203325
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Seegers LM, Araki M, Nakajima A, et al. Sex differences in culprit plaque characteristics among different age groups in patients with acute coronary syndromes. Circ Cardiovasc Interv. 2022 Jun;15(6):e011612. doi: 10.1161/CIRCINTERVENTIONS.121.011612
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Guagliumi G, Capodanno D, Saia F, et al. Mechanisms of atherothrombosis and vascular response to primary percutaneous coronary intervention in women versus men with acute myocardial infarction: results of the OCTAVIA study. JACC Cardiovasc Interv. 2014 Sep;7(9):958-68. doi: 10.1016/j.jcin.2014.05.011
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Mahowald MK, Alqahtani F, Alkhouli M. Comparison of Outcomes of Coronary Revascularization for Acute Myocardial Infarction in Men Versus Women. Am J Cardiol. 2020 Oct 1;132:1-7. doi: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2020.07.014
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Hao Y, Liu J, Liu J, et al. Sex differences in in-hospital management and outcomes of patients with acute coronary syndrome. Circulation. 2019 Apr 9;139(15):1776-1785. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.118.037655
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Glaser R, Herrmann HC, Murphy SA, et al. Benefit of an early invasive management strategy in women with acute coronary syndromes. JAMA. 2002 Dec 25;288(24):3124-9. doi: 10.1001/jama.288.24.3124
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Smilowitz NR, Mahajan AM, Roe MT, et al. Mortality of myocardial infarction by sex, age, and obstructive coronary artery disease status in the ACTION Registry–GWTG (Acute Coronary Treatment and Intervention Outcomes Network Registry–Get With the Guidelines). Circ Cardiov Qual Outcomes. 2017 Dec;10(12):e003443. doi: 10.1161/CIRCOUTCOMES.116.003443
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Lindahl B, Baron T, Erlinge D, et al. Medical therapy for secondary prevention and long-term outcome in patients with myocardial infarction with nonobstructive coronary artery disease. Circulation. 2017 Apr 18;135(16):1481-1489. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.116.026336
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Reynolds HR, Shaw LJ, Min JK, et al. Association of sex with severity of coronary artery disease, ischemia, and symptom burden in patients with moderate or severe ischemia: secondary analysis of the ISCHEMIA randomized clinical trial. JAMA Cardiol. 2020 Jul 1;5(7):773-786. doi: 10.1001/jamacardio.2020.0822
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Lansky AJ, Ng VG, Maehara A, et al. Gender and the extent of coronary atherosclerosis, plaque composition, and clinical outcomes in acute coronary syndromes. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2012 Mar;5(3 Suppl):S62-72. doi: 10.1016/j.jcmg.2012.02.003
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Kim SG, Apple S, Mintz GS, et al. The importance of gender on coronary artery size: In-vivo assessment by intravascular ultrasound. Clin Cardiol. 2004 May;27(5):291-4. doi: 10.1002/clc.4960270511
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Herscovici R, Sedlak T, Wei J, Pepine CJ, Handberg E, Bairey Merz CN. Ischemia and no obstructive coronary artery disease (INOCA): what is the risk? J Am Heart Assoc. 2018 Sep 4;7(17):e008868. doi: 10.1161/JAHA.118.008868
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Jawitz OK, Lawton JS, Thibault D, et al. Sex Differences in Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting Techniques: A Society of Thoracic Surgeons Database Analysis. Ann Thorac Surg. 2022 Jun;113(6):1979-1988. doi: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2021.06.039
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Roques F, Nashef S, Michel P, et al. Risk factors and outcome in European cardiac surgery: analysis of the EuroSCORE multinational database of 19030 patients. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 1999 Jun;15(6):816-22; discussion 822-3. doi: 10.1016/s1010-7940(99)00106-2
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Shahian DM, Jacobs JP, Badhwar V, et al. The Society of Thoracic Surgeons 2018 Adult Cardiac Surgery Risk Models: Part 1—Background, Design Considerations, and Model Development. Ann thorac Surg. 2018 May;105(5):1411-1418. doi: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2018.03.002
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Antman EM, Cohen M, Bernink PJ, et al. The TIMI risk score for unstable angina/non–ST elevation MI: a method for prognostication and therapeutic decision making. JAMA. 2000 Aug 16;284(7):835-42. doi: 10.1001/jama.284.7.835
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Six A, Backus B, Kelder J. Chest pain in the emergency room: value of the HEART score. Neth Heart J. 2008 Jun;16(6):191-6. doi: 10.1007/BF03086144
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Fox KA, Dabbous OH, Goldberg RJ, et al. Prediction of risk of death and myocardial infarction in the six months after presentation with acute coronary syndrome: prospective multinational observational study (GRACE). BMJ. 2006 Nov 25;333(7578):1091. doi: 10.1136/bmj.38985.646481.55
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Sanders KM, Nacario JH, Smith EJ, et al. Structured discharge documentation reduces sex-based disparities in statin prescription in vascular surgery patients. J Vasc Surg. 2023 May;77(5):1504-1511. doi: 10.1016/j.jvs.2023.01.179
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
de Bakker M, Anand A, Shipley M, et al. Sex Differences in Cardiac Troponin Trajectories Over the Life Course. Circulation. 2023 Jun 13;147(24):1798-1808. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.123.064386
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Shaw LJ, Min JK, Nasir K, et al. Sex differences in calcified plaque and long-term cardiovascular mortality: observations from the CAC Consortium. Eur Heart J. 2018 Nov 1;39(41):3727-3735. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehy534
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
DeFilippis EM, Beale A, Martyn T, et al. Heart failure subtypes and cardiomyopathies in women. Circ Res. 2022 Feb 18;130(4):436-54. doi: 10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.121.319900
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Bozkurt B, Khalaf S. Heart Failure in Women. Methodist Debakey Cardiovasc J. 2017;13(4):216-23. doi: 10.14797/mdcj-13-4-216
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Lam CSP, Arnott C, Beale AL, et al. Sex differences in heart failure. Eur Heart J. 2019;40(47):3859-68c. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehz835
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Sohani ZN, Behlouli H, de Moura CS, Abrahamowicz M, Pilote L. Sex Differences in the Effectiveness of Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors, Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers, and Sacubitril–Valsartan for the Treatment of Heart Failure. J Am Heart Assoc. 2023 Jul 18;12(14):e028865. doi: 10.1161/JAHA.122.028865
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Eugene AR. Gender based Dosing of Metoprolol in the Elderly using Population Pharmacokinetic Modeling and Simulations. Int J Clin Pharmacol Toxicol. 2016 May;5(3):209-15. doi: 10.19070/2167-910X-1600035
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Israili ZH. Clinical pharmacokinetics of angiotensin II (AT1) receptor blockers in hypertension. J Hum Hypertens. 2000 Apr;14 Suppl 1:S73-86. doi: 10.1038/sj.jhh.1000991
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Soldin OP, Mattison DR. Sex differences in pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2009;48(3):143-57. doi: 10.2165/00003088-200948030-00001
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Lund LH, Braunschweig F, Benson L, Ståhlberg M, Dahlström U, Linde C. Association between demographic, organizational, clinical, and socio-economic characteristics and underutilization of cardiac resynchronization therapy: results from the Swedish Heart Failure Registry. Eur J Heart Fail. 2017;19(10):1270-9. doi: 10.1002/ejhf.781
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Leyva F, Qiu T, Zegard A, et al. Sex-Specific Differences in Survival and Heart Failure Hospitalization After Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy With or Without Defibrillation. J Am Heart Assoc. 2019 Nov 19;8(22):e013485. doi: 10.1161/jaha.119.013485
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Amuthan R, Curtis AB. Sex-Specific Considerations in Drug and Device Therapy of Cardiac Arrhythmias: JACC Focus Seminar 6/7. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2022 Apr 19;79(15):1519-29. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2021.11.066
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Bhardwaj A, Kumar S, Park JK, et al. Gender Inequality in Use of Percutaneous Mechanical Circulatory Support in Patients With Cardiogenic Shock-Call For Action. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2023 Mar;81(8_Supplement):725. doi: 10.1016/S0735-1097(23)01169-5
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Joshi AA, Lerman JB, Sajja AP, et al. Sex-based differences in left ventricular assist device utilization: insights from the nationwide inpatient sample 2004 to 2016. Circ Heart Fail. 2019 Sep;12(9):e006082. doi: 10.1161/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.119.006082
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Moayedi Y, Fan CPS, Cherikh WS, et al. Survival outcomes after heart transplantation: does recipient sex matter? Circ Heart Fail. 2019 Oct;12(10):e006218. doi: 10.1161/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.119.006218
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Oliveros E, Saldarriaga Giraldo CI, Hall J, et al. Addressing Barriers for Women with Advanced Heart Failure. Curr Cardiol Rep. 2023 Oct;25(10):1257-1267. doi: 10.1007/s11886-023-01946-y
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Mou L, Norby FL, Chen LY, et al. Lifetime risk of atrial fibrillation by race and socioeconomic status: ARIC study (Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities). Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol. 2018 Jul;11(7):e006350. doi: 10.1161/CIRCEP.118.006350
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Lip GY, Laroche C, Boriani G, et al. Sex-related differences in presentation, treatment, and outcome of patients with atrial fibrillation in Europe: a report from the Euro Observational Research Programme Pilot survey on Atrial Fibrillation. Europace. 2015 Jan;17(1):24-31. doi: 10.1093/europace/euu155
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Emdin CA, Wong CX, Hsiao AJ, et al. Atrial fibrillation as risk factor for cardiovascular disease and death in women compared with men: systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies. BMJ. 2016 Jan 19;352:h7013. doi: 10.1136/bmj.h7013
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Tse HF, Oral H, Pelosi F, Knight BP, Strickberger SA, Morady F. Effect of gender on atrial electrophysiologic changes induced by rapid atrial pacing and elevation of atrial pressure. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2001 Sep;12(9):986-9. doi: 10.1046/j.1540-8167.2001.00986.x
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Cochet H, Mouries A, Nivet H, et al. Age, atrial fibrillation, and structural heart disease are the main determinants of left atrial fibrosis detected by delayed-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging in a general cardiology population. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2015 May;26(5):484-92. doi: 10.1111/jce.12651
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Hindricks G, Potpara T, Dagres N, et al. 2020 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of atrial fibrillation developed in collaboration with the European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery (EACTS) The Task Force for the diagnosis and management of atrial fibrillation of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) Developed with the special contribution of the European Heart Rhythm Association (EHRA) of the ESC. Eur Heart J. 2021 Feb 1;42(5):373-498. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehaa612
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Patel D, Mohanty P, Di Biase L, et al. Outcomes and complications of catheter ablation for atrial fibrillation in females. Heart Rhythm. 2010;7(2):167-72. doi: 10.1016/j.hrthm.2009.10.025
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Volgman AS, Benjamin EJ, Curtis AB, et al. Women and atrial fibrillation. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2021 Oct;32(10):2793-2807. doi: 10.1111/jce.14838
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Sullivan RM, Zhang J, Zamba G, Lip GY, Olshansky B. Relation of gender-specific risk of ischemic stroke in patients with atrial fibrillation to differences in warfarin anticoagulation control (from AFFIRM). Am J Cardiol. 2012 Dec 15;110(12):1799-802. doi: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2012.08.014
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Pancholy SB, Sharma PS, Pancholy DS, Patel TM, Callans DJ, Marchlinski FE. Meta-analysis of gender differences in residual stroke risk and major bleeding in patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation treated with oral anticoagulants. Am J Cardiol. 2014 Feb 1;113(3):485-90. doi: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2013.10.035
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Holmes DR, Kar S, Price MJ, et al. Prospective randomized evaluation of the Watchman Left Atrial Appendage Closure device in patients with atrial fibrillation versus long-term warfarin therapy: the PREVAIL trial. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014 Jul 8;64(1):1-12. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2014.04.029
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Reddy VY, Doshi SK, Kar S, et al. 5-Year Outcomes After Left Atrial Appendage Closure: From the PREVAIL and PROTECT AF Trials. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2017 Dec 19;70(24):2964-2975. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2017.10.021
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Prosperi-Porta G, Nguyen V, Willner N, et al. Association of age and sex with use of transcatheter aortic valve replacement in France. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2023 Nov 14;82(20):1889-1902. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2023.08.044
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Bienjonetti-Boudreau D, Fleury M-A, Voisine M, et al. Impact of sex on the management and outcome of aortic stenosis patients. Eur Heart J. 2021 Jul 15;42(27):2683-2691. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehab242
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Iribarren AC, AlBadri A, Wei J, et al. Sex differences in aortic stenosis: Identification of knowledge gaps for sex-specific personalized medicine. Am Heart J Plus. 2022 Sep;21:100197. doi: 10.1016/j.ahjo.2022.100197
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Martin J, Coffey S, Whalley GA. Sex disparity in cardiovascular disease outcomes: do our current echocardiographic reference ranges measure up? Heart, Lung Circ. 2021 Jan;30(1):e1-e5. doi: 10.1016/j.hlc.2020.10.004
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Chandrasekhar J, Dangas G, Yu J, et al. Sex-based differences in outcomes with transcatheter aortic valve therapy: TVT registry from 2011 to 2014. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2016 Dec 27;68(25):2733-2744. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2016.10.041
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Chugh Y, Mahowald MK, Robert J, Bradley SM, Gössl M. Identifying and Addressing Gaps in the Care of Patients With Severe Valve Disease. Circ Cardiovas Qual Outcomes. 2022 Dec;15(12):e009209. doi: 10.1161/CIRCOUTCOMES.122.009209
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Beery AK, Zucker I. Sex bias in neuroscience and biomedical research. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2011 Jan;35(3):565-72. doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2010.07.002
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Reddy KP, Faggioni M, Eberly LA, et al. Enrollment of Older Patients, Women, and Racial and Ethnic Minority Individuals in Valvular Heart Disease Clinical Trials: A Systematic Review. JAMA Cardiol. 2023 Sep 1;8(9):871-878. doi: 10.1001/jamacardio.2023.2098
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Morgan H, Sinha A, Mcentegart M, Hardman SM, Perera D. Evaluation of the causes of sex disparity in heart failure trials. Heart. 2022 Sep 12;108(19):1547-1552. doi: 10.1136/heartjnl-2021-320696
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Scott PE, Unger EF, Jenkins MR, et al. Participation of women in clinical trials supporting FDA approval of cardiovascular drugs. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2018 May 8;71(18):1960-1969. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2018.02.070
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Gong IY, Tan NS, Ali SH, et al. Temporal trends of women enrollment in major cardiovascular randomized clinical trials. Can J Cardiol. 2019 May;35(5):653-660. doi: 10.1016/j.cjca.2019.01.010
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Matthews S, Cook S, Clayton T, Murray S, Wynne R, Sanders J. Factors Affecting Women’s Participation in Cardiovascular Research: A Scoping Review. Eur J Cardiovasc Nurs. 2023 May 18:zvad048. doi: 10.1093/eurjcn/zvad048
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Mehta LS, Fisher K, Rzeszut AK, et al. Current Demographic Status of Cardiologists in the United States. JAMA Cardiol. 2019 Oct 1;4(10):1029-1033. doi: 10.1001/jamacardio.2019.3247
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Shahid M. Addressing the Underrepresentation of Women in Cardiology through Tangible Opportunities for Mentorship and Leadership. Methodist Debakey Cardiovasc J. 2019 Jan-Mar;15(1):e1-e2. doi: 10.14797/mdcj-15-1-e1
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Blumenthal DM, Olenski AR, Yeh RW, et al. Sex Differences in Faculty Rank Among Academic Cardiologists in the United States. Circulation. 2017 Feb 7;135(6):506-517. doi: 10.1161/circulationaha.116.023520
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Whitelaw S, Thabane L, Mamas MA, et al. Characteristics of Heart Failure Trials Associated With Under-Representation of Women as Lead Authors. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2020 Oct 27;76(17):1919-1930. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2020.08.062
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Blumer V, Zhbannikov IY, Douglas PS. Contributions of Women to Cardiovascular Science Over Two Decades: Authorship, Leadership, and Mentorship. J Am Heart Assoc. 2023 Ma;12(5):e026828. doi: 10.1161/jaha.122.026828
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Asghar M, Usman MS, Aibani R, et al. Sex Differences in Authorship of Academic Cardiology Literature Over the Last 2 Decades. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2018 Aug 7;72(6):681-685. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2018.05.047
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Mehran R, Kumar A, Bansal A, Shariff M, Gulati M, Kalra A. Gender and Disparity in First Authorship in Cardiology Randomized Clinical Trials. JAMA Netw Open. 2021 Mar 1;4(3):e211043. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.1043
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Pinho-Gomes AC, Vassallo A, Thompson K, Womersley K, Norton R, Woodward M. Representation of Women Among Editors in Chief of Leading Medical Journals. JAMA Netw Open. 2021 Sep 1;4(9):e2123026. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.23026
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Balasubramanian S, Saberi S, Yu S, Duvernoy CS, Day SM, Agarwal PP. Women Representation Among Cardiology Journal Editorial Boards. Circulation. 2020 Feb 18;141(7):603-605. doi: 10.1161/circulationaha.119.042909
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article

Authors

Metrics

Articles in this issue

DOI: https://doi.org/10.14797/mdcvj.1328 | Journal eISSN: 1947-6108

Journal RSS Feed

Language: English

Page range: 107 - 119

Submitted on: Dec 19, 2023

Accepted on: Jan 30, 2024

Published on: Mar 14, 2024

Published by: Houston Methodist DeBakey Heart & Vascular Center

In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services

Keywords:

women’s cardiovascular health,

healthcare disparities,

cardiovascular risk factors,

ischemic heart disease,

treatment gaps,

representation in cardiovascular research

© 2024 Madeline K. Mahowald, Khadeeja Esmail, Fatima M. Ezzeddine, Calvin Choi, Hanna Mieszczanska, Gladys Velarde, published by Houston Methodist DeBakey Heart & Vascular Center
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 License.

Volume 20 (2024): Issue 2