Sex Disparities in Cardiovascular Disease

Madeline K. Mahowald; Khadeeja Esmail; Fatima M. Ezzeddine; Calvin Choi; Hanna Mieszczanska; Gladys Velarde

doi:10.14797/mdcvj.1328

Sex Disparities in Cardiovascular Disease

Methodist DeBakey Cardiovascular Journal

Volume 20 (2024): Issue 2

By: Madeline K. Mahowald , Khadeeja Esmail , Fatima M. Ezzeddine , Calvin Choi, Hanna Mieszczanska and Gladys Velarde

Open Access

|Mar 2024

Abstract

Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death in women. It remains underdiagnosed, undertreated, and portends worse outcomes in women than men. Disparities exist in every stage of science, from bench research to the editorial board of major journals and in every cardiovascular subspecialty. This review summarizes differences in cardiovascular risk factors and disparities in management and outcomes of ischemic heart disease, heart failure, aortic stenosis, and atrial fibrillation. It also provides an overview of female representation as participants and leaders of clinical trials, editorial boards, and academic institutions. Strategies to overcome these disparities are proposed with examples of successful programs.

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Articles in this issue

DOI: https://doi.org/10.14797/mdcvj.1328 | Journal eISSN: 1947-6108

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Language: English

Page range: 107 - 119

Submitted on: Dec 19, 2023

Accepted on: Jan 30, 2024

Published on: Mar 14, 2024

Published by: Houston Methodist DeBakey Heart & Vascular Center

In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services

Keywords:

women’s cardiovascular health,

healthcare disparities,

cardiovascular risk factors,

ischemic heart disease,

treatment gaps,

representation in cardiovascular research

© 2024 Madeline K. Mahowald, Khadeeja Esmail, Fatima M. Ezzeddine, Calvin Choi, Hanna Mieszczanska, Gladys Velarde, published by Houston Methodist DeBakey Heart & Vascular Center
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 License.

Volume 20 (2024): Issue 2