Diversity, Equity, Inclusion, and Belonging in Cardiovascular Disease Fellowship Training
By: Ingabire Grace Balinda and Nosheen Reza
References
- Smedley BD, Butler AS, Bristow LR, editors.;
Institute of Medicine (US) Committee on Institutional and Policy-Level Strategies for Increasing the Diversity of the U.S. Healthcare Workforce . In the Nation’s Compelling Interest: Ensuring Diversity in the Health-Care Workforce. Washington, DC: National Academies Press (US); 2004. doi: 10.17226/10885 - Marrast LM, Zallman L, Woolhandler S, Bor DH, McCormick D. Minority physicians’ role in the care of underserved patients: diversifying the physician workforce may be key in addressing health disparities. JAMA Intern Med. 2014 Feb 1;174(2):289-91. doi: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2013.12756
- LaVeist TA, Pierre G. Integrating the 3Ds—social determinants, health disparities, and health-care workforce diversity. Public Health Rep. Jan-Feb 2014;129 Suppl 2(Suppl 2):9-14. doi: 10.1177/00333549141291S204
- Baumhäkel M, Müller U, Böhm M. Influence of gender of physicians and patients on guideline-recommended treatment of chronic heart failure in a cross-sectional study. Eur J Heart Fail. 2009 Mar;11(3):299-303. doi: 10.1093/eurjhf/hfn041
- Tsugawa Y, Jena AB, Figueroa JF, Orav EJ, Blumenthal DM, Jha AK. Comparison of Hospital Mortality and Readmission Rates for Medicare Patients Treated by Male vs Female Physicians. JAMA Intern Med. 2017 Feb 1;177(2):206-213. doi: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2016.7875
- Schmittdiel JA, Traylor A, Uratsu CS, Mangione CM, Ferrara A, Subramanian U. The Association of Patient-Physician Gender Concordance with Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factor Control and Treatment in Diabetes. J Womens Health (Larchmt). 2009 Dec;18(12):2065-70. doi: 10.1089/jwh.2009.1406
- Alsan M, Garrick O, Graziani G. Does Diversity Matter for Health? Experimental Evidence from Oakland. Am Econ Rev. 2019 Dec;109(12):4071-4111. doi: 10.1257/aer.20181446
- ACGME.org [Internet]. Chicago, IL: Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education; c2022.
Common Program Requirements ; 2020 Jul [cited 2022 Apr 20]. Available from:https://www.acgme.org/What-We-Do/Accreditation/Common-Program-Requirements/ - Min Y-I, Anugu P, Butler KR, et al. Cardiovascular Disease Burden and Socioeconomic Correlates: Findings From the Jackson Heart Study. J Am Heart Assoc. 2017 Aug 4;6(8):
e004416 . doi: 10.1161/JAHA.116.004416 - Zhao M, Woodward M, Vaartjes I, et al. Sex Differences in Cardiovascular Medication Prescription in Primary Care: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Am Heart Assoc. 2020 Jun 2;9(11):
e014742 . doi: 10.1161/JAHA.119.014742 - Aggarwal R, Chiu N, Loccoh EC, Kazi DS, Yeh RW, Wadhera RK. Rural-Urban Disparities. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2021 Mar 23;77(11):1480-1481. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2021.01.032
- Capers Q
4th , Johnson A, Berlacher K, Douglas PS. The Urgent and Ongoing Need for Diversity, Inclusion, and Equity in the Cardiology Workforce in the United States. J Am Heart Assoc Cardiovasc Cerebrovasc Dis. 2021 Mar 16;10(6):e018893 . doi: 10.1161/JAHA.120.018893 - AAMC.org [Internet]. Washington, DC: Association of American Medical Colleges; c 2022.
Underrepresented in Medicine Definition ; 2022 [cited 2022 Apr 20]. Available from:https://www.aamc.org/what-we-do/equity-diversity-inclusion/underrepresented-in-medicine - Mehta LS, Fisher K, Rzeszut AK, et al. Current Demographic Status of Cardiologists in the United States. JAMA Cardiol. 2019;4(10):1029-1033. doi: 10.1001/jamacardio.2019.3247
- Damp JB, Auseon AJ, Walsh MN, Theriot P, Tam MC, Weissman G. Landscape of U.S. Cardiovascular Training Programs. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2019 Jun 11;73(22):2892-2895. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2019.03.486
- Stone AT, Carlson KM, Douglas PS, Morris KL, Walsh MN. Assessment of Subspecialty Choices of Men and Women in Internal Medicine From 1991 to 2016. JAMA Intern Med. 2020 Jan 1;180(1):140-141. doi: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2019.3833
- AAMC.org [Internet]. Washington, DC: Association of American Medical Colleges; c 2022.
The Majority of U.S. Medical Students Are Women, New Data Show ; 2021 Nov 9 [cited 2022 Apr 20]. Available from:https://www.aamc.org/news-insights/press-releases/majority-us-medical-students-are-women-new-data-show - AAMC.org [Internet]. Washington, DC: Association of American Medical Colleges; c 2022.
ERAS statistics 2021: cardiovascular disease (internal medicine) ; 2021 [cited 2022 Apr 20]. Available from:https://www.aamc.org/data-reports/interactive-data/eras-statistics-data - AAMC.org [Internet]. Washington, DC: Association of American Medical Colleges; c 2022.
Table B3. Number of Active Residents, by Type of Medical School, GME Specialty, and Sex. AAMC ; 2018 [cited 2022 Apr 20]. Available from:https://www.aamc.org/data-reports/students-residents/interactive-data/report-residents/2021/table-b3-number-active-residents-type-medical-school-gme-specialty-and-sex - Khan MS, Mahmood S, Khan SU, et al. Women Training in Cardiology and Its Subspecialties in the United States: A Decade of Little Progress in Representation. Circulation. 2020 Feb 18;141(7):609-611. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.119.044693
- Santhosh L, Babik JM. Trends in Racial and Ethnic Diversity in Internal Medicine Subspecialty Fellowships From 2006 to 2018. JAMA Netw Open. 2020 Feb 5;3(2):
e1920482 . doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2019.20482 - AAMC.org [Internet]. Washington, DC: Association of American Medical Colleges; c 2022.
Table B5. Number of Active MD Residents, by Race/Ethnicity (Alone or In Combination) and GME Specialty ; 2018 [cited 2022 Apr 20]. Available from:https://www.aamc.org/data-reports/students-residents/interactive-data/report-residents/2021/table-b5-md-residents-race-ethnicity-and-specialty - Wang T, Douglas PS, Reza N. Gender Gaps in Salary and Representation in Academic Internal Medicine Specialties in the US. JAMA Intern Med. 2021 Sep 1;181(9):1255-1257. doi: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2021.3469
- Lewis SJ, Mehta LS, Douglas PS, et al. Changes in the Professional Lives of Cardiologists Over 2 Decades. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2017 Jan 31;69(4):452-462. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2016.11.027
- Sarma AA, Nkonde-Price C, Gulati M, Duvernoy CS, Lewis SJ, Wood MJ.; American College of Cardiology Women in Cardiology Leadership Council. Cardiovascular Medicine and Society. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2017 Jan 3;69(1):92-101. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2016.09.978
- Damp JB, Cullen MW, Soukoulis V, et al. Parental Leave in Cardiovascular Disease Training Programs. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2020 Jul 21;76(3):348-349. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2020.05.044
- Abdulsalam N, Gillis AM, Rzeszut AK, et al. Gender Differences in the Pursuit of Cardiac Electrophysiology Training in North America. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2021 Aug 31;78(9):898-909. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2021.06.033
- Yong CM, Abnousi F, Rzeszut AK, et al. Sex Differences in the Pursuit of Interventional Cardiology as a Subspecialty Among Cardiovascular Fellows-in-Training. JACC Cardiovasc Interv. 2019 Feb 11;12(3):219-228. doi: 10.1016/j.jcin.2018.09.036
- Duvernoy CS, Capers Q. The Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education Mandates That You Attempt to Enhance Diversity in Your Cardiology Program: Great! (How Do We Do That?). Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes. 2020 Aug;13(8):
e006912 . doi: 10.1161/CIRCOUTCOMES.120.006912 - Capers Q
4th . How Clinicians and Educators Can Mitigate Implicit Bias in Patient Care and Candidate Selection in Medical Education. ATS Sch. 2020 Jun 23;1(3):211-217. doi: 10.34197/ats-scholar.2020-0024PS - Damp JB, Cullen MW, Soukoulis V, et al. Program Directors Survey on Diversity in Cardiovascular Training Programs. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2020 Sep 8;76(10):1215-1222. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2020.07.020
- Douglas PS, Rzeszut AK, Bairey Merz CN, et al. Career Preferences and Perceptions of Cardiology Among US Internal Medicine Trainees: Factors Influencing Cardiology Career Choice. JAMA Cardiol. 2018 Aug 1;3(8):682-691. doi: 10.1001/jamacardio.2018.1279
- Osseo-Asare A, Balasuriya L, Huot SJ, et al. Minority Resident Physicians’ Views on the Role of Race/Ethnicity in Their Training Experiences in the Workplace. JAMA Netw Open. 2018 Sep 7;1(5):
e182723 . doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2018.2723 - Liebschutz JM, Darko GO, Finley EP, Cawse JM, Bharel M, Orlander JD. In the minority: black physicians in residency and their experiences. J Natl Med Assoc. 2006 Sep;98(9):1441-8
- Crowley AL, Damp J, Sulistio MS, et al. Perceptions on Diversity in Cardiology: A Survey of Cardiology Fellowship Training Program Directors. J Am Heart Assoc. 2020 Sep;9(17):
e017196 . doi: 10.1161/JAHA.120.017196 - Bulletin.facs.org [Internet]. Chicago, IL: Bulletin of The American College of Surgeons; c 2022. Williams-Karnesky R, Kashyap M, Courtney C, et al.
Shoring up the pipeline: Increasing diversity in surgery by enhancing equity and inclusion in the surgical learning environment . 2021 Jan 8 [cited 2022 Apr 20]. Available from:https://bulletin.facs.org/2021/01/shoring-up-the-pipeline-increasing-diversity-in-surgery-by-enhancing-equity-and-inclusion-in-the-surgical-learning-environment/ - Hemal K, Reghunathan M, Newsom M, Davis G, Gosman A. Diversity and Inclusion: A Review of Effective Initiatives in Surgery. J Surg Educ. Sep-Oct 2021;78(5):1500-1515. doi: 10.1016/j.jsurg.2021.03.010
- Gonzaga AMR, Appiah-Pippim J, Onumah CM, Yialamas MA. A Framework for Inclusive Graduate Medical Education Recruitment Strategies: Meeting the ACGME Standard for a Diverse and Inclusive Workforce. Acad Med. 2020 May;95(5):710-716. doi: 10.1097/ACM.0000000000003073
- Aibana O, Swails JL, Flores RJ, Love L. Bridging the Gap: Holistic Review to Increase Diversity in Graduate Medical Education. Acad Med. 2019 Aug;94(8):1137-1141. doi: 10.1097/ACM.0000000000002779
- Auseon AJ, Kolibash AJ
Jr , Capers Q. Successful efforts to increase diversity in a cardiology fellowship training program. J Grad Med Educ. 2013 Sep;5(3):481-5. doi: 10.4300/JGME-D-12-00307.1 - FitzGerald C, Hurst S. Implicit bias in healthcare professionals: a systematic review. BMC Med Ethics. 2017 Mar 1;18(1):19. doi: 10.1186/s12910-017-0179-8
- Capers Q
4th , Clinchot D, McDougle L, Greenwald AG. Implicit Racial Bias in Medical School Admissions: Acad Med. 2017 Mar;92(3):365-369. doi: 10.1097/ACM.0000000000001388 - ACC.org [Internet]. Washington, DC: American College of Cardiology; c2022.
Young Scholars Program ; 2022 [cited 2022 Apr 20]. Available from:https://www.acc.org/membership/sections-and-councils/academic-cardiology-section/http%3a%2f%2fwww.acc.org%2fmembership%2fsections-and-councils%2facademic-cardiology-section%2fyoung-scholars-program - ACC.org [Internet]. Washington, DC: American College of Cardiology; c2022.
ACC Internal Medicine Cardiology Programs ; 2022 [cited 2022 Apr 20]. Available from:https://www.acc.org/About-ACC/Diversity-and-Inclusion/ACC-Internal-Medicine-Cardiology-Programs - Poppas A, Albert MA, Douglas PS, Capers Q
4th . Diversity and Inclusion: Central to ACC’s Mission, Vision, and Values. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2020 Sep 22;76(12):1494-1497. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2020.08.019 - Heart.org [Internet]. Dallas, TX: American Heart Association; c2022.
Diversity and Inclusion in Research and Cardiology ; 2022 Feb 5 [cited 2022 Apr 20]. Available from: www.heart.org. Accessed February 5, 2022.https://www.heart.org/en/about-us/diversity-inclusion/diversity-and-inclusion-in-research-and-cardiology - Sharma G, Sarma AA, Walsh MN, et al. 10 Recommendations to Enhance Recruitment, Retention, and Career Advancement of Women Cardiologists. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2019 Oct 8;74(14):1839-1842. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2019.08.016
- Williams N, Sulistio MS, Winchester DE, Chen C, Toft LEB. How to Build an Antiracist Cardiovascular Culture, Community, and Profession. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2021 Mar 9;77(9):1257-1261. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2020.11.073
- Eberly LA, Julien H, Adusumalli S. Weaving Antiracism Practice and Equity Into the Fabric of Cardiovascular Fellowship. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2021 Dec 7;78(23):2382-2386. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2021.07.063
- Njoroge JN, Youmans QR, Chuzi S. How Cardiovascular Disease Fellows Can Promote Diversity and Inclusion in Cardiology: Doing Our Part. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2021 Sep 14;78(11):1188-1192. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2021.07.012
- Njoroge J, Rodriguez F, Albert MA. Dismantling Structural Discrimination in Cardiology Fellowship Recruitment. JAMA Netw Open. 2021 Jan 4;4(1):
e2031473 . doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.31473 - ABcardio.org [Internet]. Washington, DC: Association of Black Cardiologists; c 2022.
ABC History ; 2022 [cited 2022 Apr 20]. Available from:https://abcardio.org/history/ - Scai.org [Internet]. Washington, DC: Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions; c 2022.
CAI WIN Launches Mentoring Program ; 2021 Mar 16 [cited 2022 Apr 20]. Available from:https://scai.org/scai-win-launches-mentoring-program - Reza N, Krishnan S, Adusumalli S. A Model for the Career Advancement of Women Fellows and Cardiologists. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2020 Aug 25;76(8):996-1000. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2020.07.011
- Kay J, Reza N, Silvestry FE. Establishing and Expecting a Culture of Support for Breastfeeding Cardiology Fellows. JACC Case Rep. 2019 Dec 4;1(4):680-683. doi: 10.1016/j.jaccas.2019.10.008
- Rymer JA, Frazier-Mills CG, Jackson LR
2nd , et al. Evaluation of Women and Underrepresented Racial and Ethnic Group Representation in a General Cardiology Fellowship After a Systematic Recruitment Initiative. JAMA Netw Open. 2021 Jan 4;4(1):e2030832 . doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.30832
DOI: https://doi.org/10.14797/mdcvj.1080 | Journal eISSN: 1947-6108
Language: English
Page range: 67 - 77
Submitted on: Jan 5, 2022
Accepted on: Apr 14, 2022
Published on: Jun 3, 2022
Published by: Houston Methodist DeBakey Heart & Vascular Center
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Keywords:
© 2022 Ingabire Grace Balinda, Nosheen Reza, published by Houston Methodist DeBakey Heart & Vascular Center
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 License.