|
Yalin 2020
|
Clin Res Cardiol
|
Retrospective
|
10
|
61.6
|
Nonischemic cardiomyopathy refractory to meds/catheter ablation
|
0.84
|
Left (6) and bilateral (4) thoracoscopic lower stellectomy T2-T4 ganglionectomy Kuntz nerve division if identified
|
No Horner syndrome, hemopneumothorax (1) 10%
|
60% ICD shock-free post denervation; 20% mortality (within 1 mo)
|
|
Tellez 2019
|
J Cardiothorac Surg
|
Case series
|
20
|
55.85
|
Chagas (9); chronic ischemic cardiomyopathy (7); dilated cardiomyopathy (3); long QT syndrome (1) with VA or electrical storm refractory to meds/catheter ablation
|
0.19
|
Bilateral thoracoscopic inferior stellectomy T2-T4 ganglionectomy
|
Pneumothorax (1) 5%
|
90% ICD shock-free post denervation; 5% mortality progression of Chagas disease
|
|
Stec 2019
|
Kardiologia Polska
|
Case presentation
|
1
|
30
|
Catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia refractory to meds/catheter ablation
|
0.5
|
Bilateral thoracoscopic T1-T5
|
Not reported
|
100% ICD shock-free post denervation; 0% mmortality
|
|
Cai 2019
|
J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol
|
Retrospective review
|
19
|
54.5
|
Severe ischemic and nonischemic cardiomyopathy VT storm (15) with VA events refractory to meds/catheter ablation
|
2.07
|
Left (14) and bilateral (5) thoracoscopic inferior stellectomy T2-T4 ganglionectomy
|
Not reported
|
47% ICD shock-free post denervation; 21% mortality mean follow-up 2.8 yrs; 26.3% transplanted
|
|
Assis 2019
|
Heart Rhythm
|
Case series
|
8
|
32
|
Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy with VA events refractory to meds/catheter ablation
|
1.9
|
Bilateral thoracoscopic inferior stellectomy T2-T4 ganglionectomy
|
Venous plexus injury (1) 12.5%, neuropathic pain (1) 12.5%, pneumothorax (1) 12.5%
|
63% ICD shock-free post denervation; 0% mortality
|
|
Velasquez 2019
|
Arch Cardiol Mex
|
Case series
|
6
|
56.83
|
Ischemic or hypertensive cardiomyopathy (4); long QT syndrome (2) with VA events refractory to meds/catheter ablation
|
2
|
Left thoracoscopic inferior stellectomy T2-T4 ganglionectomy
|
None found after retrospective investigation
|
83% ICD shock-free post denervation; 0% mortality; 50% VA recurrence free
|
|
Okada 2019
|
Heart Rhythm
|
Case series
|
5
|
53
|
Cardiac sarcoidosis electrical storm (3) VA events refractory to meds/catheter ablation
|
1.55
|
Bilateral thoracoscopic inferior stellectomy T2-T4 ganglionectomy Kuntz nerve division if identified
|
Azygous vein injury, hemothorax (1) 20%No Horner syndrome or compensatory hyperhidrosis
|
100% ICD shock-free post denervation; 0% mortality; 60% no recurrence of sustained VA; 20% transplant, no mortalities
|
|
Kopecky 2018
|
Pacing Clin Electrophysiol
|
Case presentation
|
1
|
69
|
Viral cardiomyopathy low left ventricular ejection fraction 20-30% with VA events refractory to meds/ablation
|
0.5
|
Bilateral T1-T4 sympathectomy
|
None identified
|
100% ICD shock-free post denervation; 0% mortality
|
|
Krishnan 2018
|
Ann Thorac Surg
|
Case presentation
|
1
|
50
|
Nonischemic cardiomyopathy in VA electrical storm
|
1
|
Bilateral thoracoscopic inferior stellectomy T2-T4 ganglionectomy Kuntz nerve division when seen
|
No Horner syndrome, no reactive hyperhidrosis
|
100% ICD shock-free post denervation0% Mortality; no heart palpitation symptoms, delisted for heart transplant
|
|
Richardson 2018
|
Heart Rhythm
|
Case series
|
7
|
50.9
|
Nonischemic/ischemic cardiomyopathy (2, 2); hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (1); normal heart idiopathic (2); electrical storm (1) with VA events refractory to meds/catheter ablation
|
1.17
|
Left (1) or bilateral (6) division of sympathetic chain over the 2nd and 3rd ribs
|
No Horner syndrome, compensatory hyperhidrosis (1) 14.3%, chest tube insertion (1) 14.3%
|
100% ICD shock-free post denervation; 14.3% transplanted; no sustained VA in follow-up
|
|
Wehman 2018
|
Ann Thorac Surg
|
Case presentation
|
1
|
49
|
Coronary artery bypass patient with post operative electrical storm
|
Not reported
|
Left thoracoscopic stellectomy
|
No Horner syndrome
|
100% ICD shock-free post denervation; 0% mortality; no sustained VA until discharge to rehab
|
|
Cardona-Guarache 2017
|
J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol
|
Case series
|
3
|
47.3
|
Coronary artery spasm patients with VA refractory to meds/catheter ablation
|
0.52
|
Bilateral thoracoscopic inferior stellectomy T2-T4 ganglionectomy
|
No procedural complications
|
100% ICD shock free post denervation; 0% mortality
|
|
Vaseghi 2017
|
JACC
|
Retrospective multicenter registry
|
121
|
55
|
Variable disease processes with refractory ventricular arrhythmia or electrical storm refractory to meds/catheter ablation
|
1.5
|
Bilateral (98) and left (23) thoracoscopic inferior stellectomy T2-T4 ganglionectomy; Kuntz nerve division if identified
|
Hemothorax (3) 2.5%Pneumothorax (6) 5%Horner (5) 4.1%, resolution in 4/5Hypotension requiring pressors (16) 13.2%Cellulitis (2) 1.7%Urinary tract infection (1) 0.8%Nausea and vomiting (1) 0.8% Multifocal pneumonia (1) 0.8%)
|
84.3% ICD shock-free post denervation; 25.6% mortality; 8.2% transplanted; 58% free of VA/ICD shock at 1 yr, 49% at mean 1.5 yrs; 76.2% free of death/transplant at 1 yr; 50% free of ICD shock, transplant/death at 1 yr; bilateral = left denervation for freedom of ICD shock; bilateral < left denervation for ICD shock, transplant, death at 1 yr
|
|
Jang 2017
|
Pacing Clin Electrophysiol
|
Case series
|
15
|
24.6
|
Long QT syndrome (14); catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (1)
|
2.5
|
Left thoracoscopic inferior stellectomy T2-T4 ganglionectomy
|
No Horner, no bleeding, no pneumothorax
|
86.7% ICD shock-free post denervation; 0% mortality; 0.97-0.19 cardiac events/yr after denervation (P = .045)
|
|
Prabhu 2016
|
J Interv Card Electrophysiol
|
Retrospective
|
7
|
52
|
Ischemic cardiomyopathy (78%); nonischemic cardiomyopathy (22%) in electrical storm refractory to meds/catheter ablation
|
2.75
|
Left thoracoscopic (4) and surgical (3) lower-half stellectomy T2-T4 ganglionectomy
|
Ptosis (4) 57.1%, 3 recovered Partial anhydrosis left upper extremity (2) 28.6%
|
28.6% ICD shock-free post denervation28.6% Mortality (within 48 hrs)71.4% Recurrence of VA cardiac events
|
|
Saenz 2016
|
Heart Rhythm
|
Retrospective review
|
7
|
51.86
|
Chagasic cardiomyopathy with electrical storm (6); refractory VA (1) refractory to meds/catheter ablation
|
1.29
|
Bilateral thoracoscopic inferior stellectomy T2-T4 ganglionectomy Kuntz nerve division
|
Thoracic hyperalgesia (1) 14.2%
|
57.1% ICD shock-free post denervation14.3% Mortality
|
|
Methangkool 2014
|
J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth
|
Retrospective review
|
26
|
58
|
Ischemic/nonischemic cardiomyopathy (23%,54%); electrical storm (23%) refractory to meds/catheter ablation
|
0.93 (4 lost to follow-up
|
Bilateral (11) and left (15) thoracoscopic stellate, sympathetic ganglionectomy
|
No Horner syndrome, pneumothorax (2) 7.7%
|
30.7% ICD shock-free post denervation12% Mortality, 8% transplanted No mortality within 24 hrs8% 7-day mortality, 12% 30-day mortality, 88.5% 1-yr mortality
|
|
Ajijola 2012
|
J Am Coll Cardiol
|
Retrospective review
|
6
|
60.17
|
Nonischemic cardiomyopathy (4); sarcoid (1); arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (1); electrical storm (6) refractory to meds/catheter ablation and poor transplant candidates (6)
|
0.33
|
Bilateral or left followed by right thoracoscopic inferior stellectomy, T2-T4 ganglionectomy
|
Mortality linked to worsening heart failure after surgical denervation (1) 16.7%
|
66% ICD shock-free post denervation; 33% mortality (within 1 mo); 16.7% no response, mortality within days of procedure; 16.7% partial response, decreased VA cardiac events
|
|
Gopinathannair 2010
|
European Society of Cardiology
|
Case presentation
|
1
|
22
|
Catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia refractory to meds with poor exercise tolerance
|
1.33
|
Left thoracoscopic sympathectomy at levels T1-T5
|
No complications
|
100% ICD shock-free post denervation; 0% mortality; mild/marked improvement exercise tolerance at 1 mo/3 mo; asymptomatic at 16 mo
|
|
Bourke 2010
|
Circulation
|
Retrospective review
|
9
|
54.2
|
Ischemic (2), nonischemic (2), hypertrophic (2), sarcoid (2), arythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia (1), electrical storm (8), incessant storm (4), and recurrent VA (1) refractory to meds/catheter ablation
|
0.52
|
Left thoracoscopic: entire stellectomy to T2 (3),inferior stellectomy to T2 (2), and inferior stellectomy to T4 (4) ganglionectomy
|
Horner (1) 11.1%, resolved in 6 mo, anhydrosis (1) 11.1%, pneumothorax (1) 11.1%
|
33% ICD shock-free post denervation; 22% mortality; 22% decreased VA cardiac events; 44% no difference after treatment; 77% survival to discharge
|
|
Gutierrez 2007
|
Int J Cardiol
|
Case presentation
|
1
|
29
|
Chagasic myocarditis with recurrent VA refractory to meds/catheter ablation
|
0.75
|
Bilateral thoracoscopic T2, T3, T4 ganglia ablation
|
Not reported
|
100% ICD shock-free post denervation; 100% mortality (at 9 mo unknown cause); nonsustained polymorphic VT episodes at 8 mo
|
