Fig. 1.
Fig. 2.
Fig. 3.
Fig. 4.
Climate precipitation indices calculated in the present study_
| Indices | Name | Definition | Units |
|---|---|---|---|
| Prcptot | Annual precipitation on wet days | Annual precipitation on wet days (pp > 1 mm) | mm · a−1 |
| CDD | Consecutive dry days | Maximum number of consecutive days with pp < 1 mm | days |
| CWD | Consecutive wet days | Maximum number of consecutive days with pp > 1 mm | days |
| Rx1day | Maximum amount of precipitation occurred in 1 day | Wettest day of the year | mm |
| Rx5day | Maximum amount of precipitation occurred in 5 days | Five consecutive days with the highest precipitation | mm |
| R10 | Days with heavy precipitation | Annual count of days when pp > 10 mm | days |
| R20 | Days with very heavy precipitation | Annual count of days when pp > 20 mm | days |
| R30 | Days with torrential precipitation | Annual count of days when pp > 30 mm | days |
| R95p | Very wet days | Amount of precipitation when pp > 95th percentile | mm |
| R99p | Extremely wet days | Amount of precipitation when pp > 99th percentile | mm |
Regional average rate of change and number of stations showing a significant decrease (D) or increase (I) in precipitation indices during five periods: present (2010–2024), near future (2025–2039), and far future (2085–2099), under RCP 4_5 and RCP 8_5 scenarios_ ‘RA’ indicates the regional average rate of change over each 15 years, calculated using Sen’s slope, not the actual precipitation values (presented as mean ± standard deviation across all 48 stations); ‘N°’ is the number of weather stations showing the directional change (positive or negative); and ‘S’ indicates the number of stations where these changes represent statistically significant trends according to the Mann–Kendall test with p < 0_05 as the significance threshold_
| Indices | RA | 2010–2024 | RA | 2025–2039 | RA | 2085–2099 | RA | 2025–2039 | RA | 2085–2099 | |||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| D | I | D | I | D | I | D | I | D | I | ||||||||||||||||
| N° | S | N° | S | N° | S | N° | S | N° | S | N° | S | N° | S | N° | S | N° | S | N° | S | ||||||
| Prcptot (mm) | –120 ± 91 | 28 | 20 | 20 | 5 | 63.2 ± 33.7 | 11 | 0 | 37 | 4 | 75.4 ± 52.5 | 22 | 2 | 26 | 7 | 11.9 ±3.2 | 23 | 7 | 25 | 3 | 120.3 ± 50 | 17 | 0 | 31 | 26 |
| RXIDay (mm) | –23.6 ± 4 | 30 | 16 | 18 | 2 | 13.7 ±7 | 17 | 0 | 31 | 8 | 12.3 ± 5 | 15 | 0 | 33 | 2 | 13.4 ± 8 | 21 | 2 | 27 | 0 | 50.3 ± 15.1 | 19 | 0 | 29 | 18 |
| RX5Day (mm) | –28.7 ± 14 | 30 | 14 | 18 | 2 | 20.7 ±10 | 18 | 0 | 30 | 4 | –14.6 ± 8 | 28 | 0 | 20 | 5 | 21.9 ± 7 | 23 | 0 | 25 | 0 | 37.4 ± 16 | 17 | 2 | 31 | 20 |
| CWD (days) | –1 ± 0.7 | 26 | 19 | 22 | 9 | 1.4 ±1.1 | 23 | 0 | 25 | 10 | 1.3 ±0.7 | 23 | 6 | 25 | 2 | 1.5 ±1.1 | 20 | 4 | 28 | 0 | 2.7 ±0.7 | 13 | 3 | 35 | 26 |
| CDD (days) | 16 ±11 | 17 | 3 | 31 | 19 | 9.5 ±1.7 | 23 | 1 | 25 | 0 | 7.5 ±3 | 14 | 2 | 34 | 4 | –4.7 ±1.1 | 28 | 4 | 20 | 1 | –9.4 ± 1.9 | 35 | 24 | 13 | 6 |
| R10 (days) | –3.9 ± 2 | 32 | 21 | 16 | 4 | 4.2 ±2 | 13 | 0 | 35 | 4 | 3.9 ±1.1 | 24 | 4 | 24 | 1 | –4.3 ± 1.3 | 26 | 1 | 22 | 6 | 6.3 ±1 | 18 | 3 | 30 | 29 |
| R20 (days) | –4.3 ± 2 | 30 | 16 | 18 | 8 | 1.3 ±1.2 | 19 | 2 | 29 | 1 | –4.9 ± 1.9 | 30 | 3 | 18 | 4 | –1.3 ± 0.9 | 25 | 2 | 23 | 1 | 6.9 ±1 | 13 | 8 | 35 | 23 |
| R30 (days) | 1.6 ±0.3 | 14 | 4 | 34 | 19 | –2.1 ± 0.3 | 28 | 8 | 20 | 3 | –1.6 ± 0.2 | 28 | 5 | 20 | 2 | –2.5 ± 0.2 | 39 | 11 | 9 | 2 | 1.8 ±0.2 | 11 | 2 | 37 | 26 |
| R95p (mm) | –162.3 ± 30.2 | 27 | 17 | 21 | 9 | –146.3 ± 40.3 | 29 | 5 | 19 | 3 | –112.3 ± 16.8 | 29 | 11 | 19 | 5 | –98.3 ± 23.1 | 38 | 8 | 10 | 1 | 190.3 ± 45.6 | 16 | 9 | 32 | 19 |
| R99p (mm) | 76.2 ± 19.3 | 10 | 2 | 38 | 19 | 79.4 ± 25.9 | 16 | 2 | 32 | 7 | 72.3 ± 18.5 | 17 | 3 | 31 | 5 | –112.7 ±13.1 | 39 | 5 | 9 | 2 | 83.1 ± 16.7 | 6 | 0 | 42 | 29 |