Application of Geomorphons and TPI in the Geomorphometric Study of Glacial Curvilineations in the Drawsko Lakeland (NW Poland)

Ewelina Lipka; Mikołaj Majewski; Renata Paluszkiewicz

doi:10.14746/quageo-2025-0028

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Application of Geomorphons and TPI in the Geomorphometric Study of Glacial Curvilineations in the Drawsko Lakeland (NW Poland)

Quaestiones Geographicae

Volume 44 (2025): Issue 3 (September 2025)

By: Ewelina Lipka , Mikołaj Majewski and Renata Paluszkiewicz

Open Access

|Aug 2025

Figures & Tables

Location of the study area in the Drawsko Lakeland, showing the Komorze tunnel valley and surrounding mesoregions.

Distribution of glacial curvilineations (GCL) swarms and hypsometric profile locations in the Komorze tunnel valley.

Table 1.

Morphometric parameters of glacial curvilineations (GCL) swarms (FT – flatness threshold).

Swarm	Parameter	Unit	Manual	Geomorphons			Topographic Position Index
Swarm	Parameter	Unit	Manual	FT = 1	FT = 2	FT = 3	N = 50	N = 75	N = 100
1	Swarm area	[ha]	146.564
	Forms area	[ha]	26.307	29.103	28.246	27.043	19.582	27.999	32.795
	Share of area	[%]	17.9	19.9	19.3	18.5	13.4	19.1	22.4
	Swarm length	[m]	2177
	Swarm width	[m]	1216
	Number of forms (n)	[–]	15	26	24	22	32	27	16
2	Swarm area	[ha]	499.229
	Forms area	[ha]	93.230	115.523	108.193	99.485	77.783	101.400	110.094
	Share of area	[%]	18.7	23.1	21.7	19.9	15.6	20.3	22.1
	Swarm length	[m]	1951
	Swarm width	[m]	3193
	Number of forms (n)	[–]	87	111	112	123	164	143	101
3	Swarm area	[ha]	324.069
	Forms area	[ha]	58.185	77.292	74.856	66.390	50.352	66.887	73.693
	Share of area	[%]	18.0	23.9	23.1	20.5	15.5	20.6	22.7
	Swarm length	[m]	1648
	Swarm width	[m]	2553
	Number of forms (n)	[–]	38	48	46	66	88	62	46
4	Swarm area	[ha]	155.969
	Forms area	[ha]	25.592	30.290	29.042	24.953	13.307	24.207	28.245
	Share of area	[%]	16.4	19.4	18.6	16.0	8.5	15.5	18.1
	Swarm length	[m]	2015
	Swarm width	[m]	1259
	Number of forms (n)	[–]	16	23	24	26	43	33	24
5	Swarm area	[ha]	93.646
	Forms area	[ha]	23.343	28.340	26.629	22.331	13.568	21.352	25.533
	Share of area	[%]	24.9	30.3	28.4	23.8	14.5	22.8	27.3
	Swarm length	[m]	1273
	Swarm width	[m]	1052
	Number of forms (n)	[–]	15	20	24	25	43	34	25

Landform classification in glacial curvilineations (GCL) swarm 5 using geomorphons and Topographic Position Index (TPI). A–C – geomorphons (FT = 1, 2, 3); D–F – TPI (neighbourhood size = 50, 75, 100 m). (FT – flatness threshold).

Comparison of GCL ridges outlines for GCL Swarm 5 derived using seven methods. A – manual delineation; B–D – geomorphons (FT = 1, 2, 3); E–G – TPI (neighbourhood size = 50, 75, 100 m). FT – flatness threshold; GCL – glacial curvilineation; TPI – Topographic Position Index.

Table 2.

Morphometric parameters of glacial curvilineations (GCL) forms. (FT – flatness threshold).

Swarm	Parameter	Unit	Manual			Geomorphons									Topographic Position Index
			Manual			FT = 1			FT = 2			FT = 3			N = 50			N = 75			N = 100
			Mean	Max	Min	Mean	Max	Min	Mean	Max	Min	Mean	Max	Min	Mean	Max	Min	Mean	Max	Min	Mean	Max	Min
1	Area	[ha]	1.754	3.085	0.579	1.119	4.547	0.101	1.177	4.385	0.102	1.229	3.759	0.101	0.612	2.520	0.101	1.037	4.302	0.115	2.050	8.484	0.106
	Length	[m]	428	819	212	243	875	25	263	886	21	284	698	21	150	566	14	197	669	30	311	1082	40
	H_mean	[m a.s.l.]	148	156	140	148	157	138	147	156	138	147	156	140	148	159	137	148	159	137	148	157	138
	H_max		152	162	142	150	162	139	150	162	139	151	162	141	150	162	138	151	162	138	152	162	139
	H_min		141	149	134	143	154	133	143	152	133	143	152	134	144	154	136	144	154	136	143	153	134
2	Area	[ha]	1.072	6.374	0.104	1.041	5.920	0.107	0.966	5.114	0.101	0.809	4.910	0.101	0.474	2.503	0.101	0.709	8.611	0.100	1.090	9.429	0.103
	Length	[m]	258	1151	44	225	901	25	216	898	14	191	903	14	124	533	21	148	1447	21	188	1422	21
	H_mean	[m a.s.l.]	148	157	140	147	156	140	147	156	140	147	157	140	148	158	141	148	156	141	148	156	141
	H_max		151	161	141	150	161	141	150	161	141	150	161	141	150	161	142	150	161	142	151	161	142
	H_min		144	152	137	143	152	136	144	152	137	144	154	137	146	152	139	145	152	139	145	152	138
3	Area	[ha]	1.531	7.189	0.102	1.610	8.073	0.129	1.627	7.843	0.107	1.006	7.692	0.102	0.572	2.565	0.102	1.079	9.315	0.110	1.602	10.174	0.110
	Length	[m]	298	1281	38	286	1142	28	298	1204	21	196	1034	14	137	513	28	191	1179	25	246	1170	28
	H_mean	[m a.s.l.]	148	155	142	148	155	140	148	154	140	147	156	140	148	156	139	147	154	140	147	153	140
	H_max		151	164	144	151	164	141	151	164	141	150	164	141	150	164	140	150	164	141	150	164	141
	H_min		144	149	137	143	149	135	143	149	135	144	150	137	145	153	137	144	150	138	144	149	137
4	Area	[ha]	1.600	6.030	0.106	1.317	9.452	0.100	1.210	9.800	0.105	0.960	3.864	0.106	0.309	1.336	0.105	0.734	2.475	0.146	1.177	7.434	0.112
	Length	[m]	382	985	62	263	1620	42	244	1594	57	205	547	55	95	292	35	157	506	42	208	905	55
	H_mean	[m a.s.l.]	146	151	141	146	150	142	145	150	141	146	152	141	146	154	139	146	154	138	146	152	141
	H_max		149	157	145	148	157	143	147	157	143	147	157	142	147	157	139	148	157	142	148	157	142
	H_min		142	147	134	143	146	135	143	147	134	143	147	134	144	151	137	143	150	135	143	148	135
5	Area	[ha]	1.556	3.645	0.210	1.417	6.132	0.103	1.110	3.552	0.149	0.893	3.864	0.129	0.316	0.976	0.124	0.628	2.512	0.110	1.021	2.773	0.108
	Length	[m]	411	839	57	300	1071	60	270	778	53	244	850	53	102	301	14	149	425	41	182	532	21
	H_mean	[m a.s.l.]	141	146	136	140	146	136	140	147	136	141	148	136	142	149	136	141	148	136	141	148	136
	H_max		144	151	137	143	151	139	143	151	137	143	151	137	143	151	136	143	151	137	143	151	137
	H_min		136	138	134	137	142	132	137	140	132	137	141	132	139	146	135	138	143	134	138	142	134

Distribution of selected morphometric characteristics of GCLs derived using different methods: geomorphons (FT = 1, 2, 3); TPI (neighbourhood size = 50, 75, 100 m). FT – flatness threshold; GCLs – glacial curvilineations; TPI – Topographic Position Index.

Percent differences between automated and manual glacial curvilineations (GCL) delineations across five GCL swarms. Geomorphon (flatness threshold FT = 1, 2, 3); Topographic Position Index (TPI) (neighbourhood size = 50, 75, 100 m) methods are compared. Warm colours indicate overestimation; cool colours indicate underestimation.

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DOI: https://doi.org/10.14746/quageo-2025-0028 | Journal eISSN: 2081-6383 | Journal ISSN: 2082-2103 (formerly 0137-477X)

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Language: English

Page range: 143 - 158

Submitted on: May 7, 2025

Published on: Aug 26, 2025

Published by: Adam Mickiewicz University

In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services

Keywords:

glacial curvilineations,

automated classification of landforms,

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© 2025 Ewelina Lipka, Mikołaj Majewski, Renata Paluszkiewicz, published by Adam Mickiewicz University
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.

Volume 44 (2025): Issue 3 (September 2025)

Application of Geomorphons and TPI in the Geomorphometric Study of Glacial Curvilineations in the Drawsko Lakeland (NW Poland)

Figures & Tables

Fig. 1.

Fig. 2.

Table 1.

Fig. 3.

Fig. 4.

Table 2.

Fig. 5.

Fig. 6.

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