Influence of the Precipitation Pattern on the Water Runoff Dynamics From the Loess Gully in the Lublin Upland (Eastern Poland) in the Years 2003–2022

GrzeGorz Janicki; Jan Rodzik; Krzysztof Stępniewski; Waldemar Kociuba

doi:10.14746/quageo-2025-0003

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Influence of the Precipitation Pattern on the Water Runoff Dynamics From the Loess Gully in the Lublin Upland (Eastern Poland) in the Years 2003–2022

Quaestiones Geographicae

Volume 44 (2025): Issue 1 (March 2025)

By: GrzeGorz Janicki, Jan Rodzik, Krzysztof Stępniewski and Waldemar Kociuba

Open Access

|Jan 2025

Figures & Tables

A – Localisation of the study area on the DEM background: 1 – Kolonia Celejów catchment, 2 – macroregions border, 3 – mesoregions border, 4 – the Vistula channel, 5 – stream channel; B – Relief and hydrological conditions of the studied catchment in Kolonia Celejów (Hillshade Relief Model – DEM: https://mapy.geoportal.gov.pl): 1 – catchment border, 2 – rainfall station, 3 – hydrological station, 4 – spring, 5 – periodical stream, 6 – seeps and exudates, 7 – pond.

Measurement of snowmelt flow at the hydrometric cross-section closing the gully catchment (photo by J. Rodzik).

Distribution of annual sums of precipitation and annual volumes of water runoff from the gully catchment for the years 2003–2022; precipitation classifcation according to Kaczorowska (1962): Vd – extremely dry year, D – dry year, N – average, W – wet, Vw – extremely wet and blue dotted line means the average precipitation for total period.

Distribution of half-year precipitation and water runoff from studied gully catchment in Kolonia Celejów in 2003–2022; c-p – cold half-year, w-p – warm half-year.

Monthly precipitation total sum and runoff between 2003 and 2022 in the studied gully catchment.

Table 1.

Hydrological results of mostly effective rainfalls in the Kolonia Celejów in 2003-2022.

Date of rainfall	Coefficient								Remarks
Date of rainfall	Rainfall sum [mm]	Max rain intensity [mm·min.⁻¹]	Rain efficiency³	Max discharge [dm·s⁻¹]	Total surface runoff [m³]	Runoff surface index [mm]	Runoff coefficient [%]	Max spec. runoff [dm³·s⁻¹·km⁻²]	Remarks
4.V.2005	64.5	0.6	38.7	167.8	1620.0	1.3	2.0	135.5	downpour
31.VII.2005	34.3	2.4	82.3	283.6	932.7	0.8	2.2	228.7	downpour
4.VIII.2005	17.8	0.9	16.0	59.1	181.2	0.1	0.8	47.7	downpour
18.VIII.2006	14.9	2.9	43.2	57.0	205.3	0.2	1.1	41.2	downpour
20.VIII.2006	28.0	2.4	67.2	193.4	766.7	0.6	2.2	156.0	downpour
10.06.2009	24.3	1.1	26.7	146.1	433.5	0.3	1.4	117.8	downpour, damp ground,
23.VIII.2009	33.9	0.5	17.0	65.1	500.9	0.4	1.2	52.5	continuous rain, dry ground
14.VI.2010	30.1	1.5	45.2	273.0	704.6	0.6	1.9	220.2	continuous rain, damp ground
18.VII.2010	38.4	1.9	73.0	473.6	1784.0	1.4	3.7	381.9	downpour, dry ground,
6.VIII.2010	24.7	1.4	34.6	273.0	624.9	0.5	2.0	220.2	continuous rain, damp ground
31.VIII–2.IX.2010	100.2	0.6	60.1	81.3	7084.6	5.7	5.7	65.6	continuous rain, damp ground
6.VII.2011	24.3	0.8	19.4	300.0	2253.6	1.8	7.5	241.9	continuous rain, damp ground
18.VII.2011	18.2	1.4	25.5	163.8	665.6	0.5	2.9	132.1	continuous rain, damp ground
20.VII.2011	27.2	1.5	40.8	372.7	2198.4	1.8	6.5	300.6	continuous rain, damp ground
1.VII.2012	20.8	1.3	27.0	273.0	624.9	0.5	2.4	220.2	continuous rain, dry ground,
4.VII.2012	25.2	1.9	47.9	423.7	922.6	0.7	3.0	341.7	continuous rain, damp ground
11.VI.2013	38.4	1.4	53.8	714.8	5253.8	4.2	11.0	576.5	continuous rain, damp ground
23.VI.2013	19.0	1.6	30.4	863.2	5641.1	4.5	23.9	696.1	downpur, damp ground
27.04.2014	14.5	1.5	21.8	84.3	4286.5	3.5	23.8	68.0	continuous rain, wet ground
15–16.05.14	29.3	0.3	8.8	201.1	9931.3	8.0	27.3	162.2	continuous rain, damp ground
16–18.05.14	36.6	0.5	18.3	247.5	10508.2	8.5	23.2	199.6	continuous rain, wet ground
29.05.2014	11.7	0.4	4.7	62.3	2028.1	1.6	14.0	50.2	continuous rain, dump ground
7.08.2014	18.3¹	4.8²	88.3	108.9	909.5	0.7	4.0	87.8	continuous rain, dump ground
26–27.05.2015	34.1	0.4	13.6	38.7	1416.1	1.1	3.3	31.2	continuous rain, wet ground
27.07.2016	11.9	1.3	15.5	171.0	730.2	0.6	4.9	137.9	downpur, dry ground
29.07.2016	31.4	1.6	50.2	232.9	1574.9	1.3	4.0	187.8	downpur, wet ground
31.07.2016	7.8	0.8	6.2	338.9	1098.1	0.9	11.4	273.3	downpur, wet ground
9–11.08.2016	46.7	1.3	60.7	828.1	10320.3	8.3	17.8	667.8	continuous rain, dry ground
19–20.07.2017	64.7	1.6	103.5	665.5	6540.0	5.3	8.2	536.7	continuous rain, dry ground
20.07.20l7	18.6	1.4	26.0	752.1	2370.0	1.9	10.3	606.5	downpur, wet ground
19–20.08.2017	34.8	0.7	24.4	37.9	605.3	0.5	1.4	30.6	downpur, damp ground
29.10.2017	24.3	0.8	19.4	81.1	1272.8	1.0	4.2	65.4	continuous rain, damp ground
16.07.2018	29.5	0.9	26.6	110.4	1213.8	1.0	3.3	89.0	continuous rain, damp ground
19.07.2018	30.8	1.9	58.5	358.7	2360.5	1.9	6.2	289.3	downpur, damp ground
27.05.2019	14.4	1.6	23.0	112.7	857.8	0.7	4.8	90.9	continuous rain, damp ground
29.06.2020	12.8	0.6	7.7	132.1	711.0	0.6	4.5	106.5	downpur, wet ground
26–27.09.2020	49.0	0.3	14.7	14.1	831.1	0.7	1.4	11.4	continuous rain, damp ground
13.10.2020	18.7	0.3	5.6	30.4	907.1	0.7	3.9	24.5	continuous rain, wet ground
29.07.2021	15.1	0.8	12.1	209.8	2518.7	2.0	13.5	169.2	downpur, damp ground
23–24.08.2021	84.3¹	0.8	67.4	95.5	7348.7	5.9	7.0	77.0	continuous rain, damp ground
11.09.2022	16.9	0.1	1.7	27.6	1913.8	1.5	9.1	22.3	continuous rain, wet ground

1 in Rogalów rain station.

1 per hour.

1 sum x maximal intensity.

Table 2.

Monthly sums of total surface runoff (m³) in the Kolonia Celejów catchment in 2003–2022.

Year	XI	XII	I	II	III	IV	V	VI	VII	VIII	IX	X	Cool halfyear	Warm halfyear	Annual runoff	Runoff days
Year	XI	XII	I	II	III	IV	V	VI	VII	VIII	IX	X	Cool halfyear	Warm halfyear	Annual runoff	all	> 40 m³
2003	954	370	9537	637	22422	1040	700	653	564	307	293	455	34960	2972	37932	–	–
2004	257	430	194	1343	1030	830	926	689	722	107	45	51	4084	2540	6624	–	–
2005	64	14	5	0	7246	7	1705	38	774	450	3	0	7336	2970	10306	–	–
2006	0	0	0	0	16320	347	35	10	1	1230	0	0	16667	1276	17943	–	–
2007	0	0	0	191	56	0	17	74	1	8	1097	0	246	1197	1443	23	4
2008	0	0	5	0	0	0	38	0	0	0	0	0	5	38	43	5	0
2009	0	0	0	0	95	0	34	1742	693	655	86	1025	95	4236	4330	74	22
2010	540	234	0	39	2228	400	666	1390	2697	3180	6500	942	3442	15374	18816	303	83
2011	739	615	2418	1425	2326	805	1616	943	11798	1516	510	1064	8328	17446	25774	356	130
2012	1286	1602	2104	3585	4417	566	519	1040	4049	827	20	1236	13561	7691	21252	204	118
2013	1030	628	1987	3479	3572	5794	3554	16455	3649	84	0	0	16490	23742	40232	278	166
2014	0	0	1122	342	285	5457	28216	3659	1696	4106	1248	2345	7205	41270	48475	300	100
2015	541	2112	6820	1426	2947	2306	5088	6244	5048	1985	1332	1304	16152	21001	37152	358	208
2016	1546	1379	7954	3546	2550	857	677	114	9350	19612	0	0	17832	29753	47585	272	127
2017	1380	5291	4983	17055	2408	2640	1531	58	16448	933	7237	15859	33756	42066	75822	280	217
2018	3994	3750	3985	5132	11589	3041	1943	231	4717	44	215	225	31492	7375	38866	267	205
2019	94	2638	4099	4238	4063	1946	3091	534	19	91	108	83	17078	3926	21004	222	150
2020	458	0	179	2265	1974	0	936	2417	354	507	1742	5781	4876	11736	16612	206	116
2021	2205	394	0	4514	2980	4118	1128	899	4306	10215	3135	1059	14210	20741	34951	246	174
2022	729	58	2322	5647	2155	10496	2169	27	304	0	2255	550	21406	5305	26711	237	139
2003–2022	791	976	2386	2743	4533	2032	2729	1861	3360	2293	1291	1599	13461	13133	26594	227*	122*

1 * in hydrological years 2007–2022.

Monthly water runoff sums distribution from the loess gully catchment Kolonia Celejów in the 20-year period 2003–2022.

Table 3.

Annual outflow rates from the gully catchment

Year	Precipitation total sum	Runoff	Runoff surface index	Runoff coefficient
Year	[mm]	[m3]	[mm]	[%]
2003	426	37932	30.6	7.2
2004	555	6624	5.3	1.0
2005	554	10306	8.3	1.5
2006	580	17943	14.5	2.5
2007	563	1443	1.2	0.2
2008	593	43	0.0	0.0
2009	591	4330	3.5	0.6
2010	650	18816	15.2	2.3
2011	635	25774	20.8	3.3
2012	555	21252	17.1	3.1
2013	559	40232	32.4	5.8
2014	611	48475	39.1	6.4
2015	552	37152	30.0	5.4
2016	635	47585	38.4	6.0
2017	711	75822	61.1	8.6
2018	541	38866	31.3	5.8
2019	441	21004	16.9	3.8
2020	728	16612	13.4	1.8
2021	608	34951	28.2	4.6
2022	342	26711	21.5	6.3
2003–2022	572	26594	21.4	3.7

Average monthly precipitation total sums and runoff in the gully catchment: A – nival period 2003–2006, B – steady period 2007–2009, C – pluvial period 2010–2018, D – variable period 2019–2022.

Table 4.

Periodicity of water runoff from the Kolonia Celejów gully for the years 2003–2022

Type of period	Unit	Nival			Steady			Pluvial			Variable			Total series
Years (XI–X)		2003-2006			2007-2009			2010-2018			2019-2022			2003–2022
Data type		Min	Max	Mean	Min	Max	Mean	Min	Max	Mean	Min	Max	Mean	Mean
Precipitation sum year	[mm]	426	584	536	563	593	582	541	711	605	342	728	504	572
Days >10 mm	[–]	10	20	14	13	15	14	11	21	14	6	25	14	15
Precipitation max daily	[mm]	19.0	64.5	35.6	25.4	32.5	28.9	23.6	61.0	37.3	17.5	40.8	26.5	33.5
Snow max thickness*	[mm]	320	440	355	140	260	210	110	460	228	30	260	178	241
Days with snow cover*	[–]	84	159	113	34	80	58	27	118	64	5	59	39	68
Outflow total	[x10³ m³]	6.6	37.9	18.2	0.04	4.2	1.9	18.8	75.8	39.3	16.6	35.0	24.8	26.6
a) cold half-year (XI–IV)		4.1	35.0	15.8	0.01	1.0	0.4	3.4	33.8	16.5	4.9	21.4	14.4	13.5
b) warm half-year (V–X)		1.24	3.0	2.4	0.03	3.2	1.5	7.4	42.0	22.9	3.9	20.8	10.4	13.1

1 * Data form the Lublin-Radawiec IMGW Station.

Multi-year distribution of the precipitation total sums and annual runoff between 2003 and 2022 from the gully catchment. Position of X axis determines the average annual water runoff from the catchment.

Table 5.

Segmental regression models of the rainfall/gully water runoff relationship.

Data	Equation	Determination coefficient (R²)	Break point (b)
Monthly	y = 68x + 487 and y = 18.4x + 5235	0.62	2216.0
Half year: XI–IV	y = 26.3x - 1377 and y = –47.8x + 29783	0.63	13461.0
Half year: V–X	y = 11.5x – 853 and y = –6.9x + 29353	0.73	196.8
Hydrological year	y = 9.4x + 7610 and y = 96.6x – 10434	0.79	26593.0
Average monthly: 2003–2022	y = 16x + 747 and y = –8.6x + 3464	0.64	2216.0
2003–2006	y = 6 x + 98.6 and y = 2782x – 80825	0.99	1517.0
2007–2009	y = 0.5 x + 3.4 and y = –12 x + 1153	0.90	161.6
2010–2018	y = 18.3 x + 1193 and y = 29.7x + 2534	0.82	3277.6
2019–2022	y = 2.8 x + 1216 and y = –24.3x + 4372	0.80	2068.4

Response of a loess gully catchment water runoff to a downpours series depending on the preceding conditions: A – during the dry period, B – during the wet period.

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DOI: https://doi.org/10.14746/quageo-2025-0003 | Journal eISSN: 2081-6383 | Journal ISSN: 2082-2103 (formerly 0137-477X)

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Language: English

Page range: 39 - 56

Submitted on: Aug 29, 2024

Published on: Jan 29, 2025

Published by: Adam Mickiewicz University

In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services

Keywords:

multi-year weather conditions,

gully runoff variability,

snowmelt and rainfall runoff,

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© 2025 GrzeGorz Janicki, Jan Rodzik, Krzysztof Stępniewski, Waldemar Kociuba, published by Adam Mickiewicz University
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.

Volume 44 (2025): Issue 1 (March 2025)

Influence of the Precipitation Pattern on the Water Runoff Dynamics From the Loess Gully in the Lublin Upland (Eastern Poland) in the Years 2003–2022

Figures & Tables

Fig. 1.

Fig. 2.

Fig. 3.

Fig. 4.

Fig. 5.

Table 1.

Table 2.

Fig. 6.

Table 3.

Fig. 7.

Table 4.

Fig. 8.

Table 5.

Fig. 9.

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