Case Study of Water Pollution in Podwiśniówka Acid Mine Pit Lake (Holy Cross Mts., Poland)

Roman Suligowski; Tadeusz Molenda; Tadeusz Ciupa

doi:10.14746/quageo-2023-0028

Figures & Tables

Fig. 1.

Location of Podwiśniówka pit lake against A – significant geotectonic structures (Żylińska et al. 2006), namely Holy Cross Mountains (HCM), Precambrian East European Craton (EEC), Palaeozoic Caledonian and Variscan fold belt (P) and Carpathian Alpine orogenic belt (CA); B – a topographic map; C – Digital Elevation Model; D – orthophoto maps (https://earth.google.com); E – relief profile. The red dots in B–D and the boat symbol in E indicate measurements in the lake.

Podwiśniówka mine pit lake (the boat indicates the site of measurement).

Temperature – A and electrolytic conductivity – B of water in the vertical column of the mine pit lake during summer – a and autumn – b.

Water saturation with oxygen – A and water pH – B in the vertical column of the mine pit lake: a – summer, b – autumn.

Metal/metalloid concentrations in the vertical column of the mine pit lake: mean (μg · L–1). WRV means the global water reference value [μg · L–1] after Salminen et al. (2005).

Heatmap for hierarchical clustering of the single pollution index (SPI) in the vertical water column.

Single pollution index (SPI) for heavy metals/metalloids.

Share of individual metals/metalloids in the integrated pollution index (IPI).

Integrated pollution index (IPI) and electrical conductivity (EC) in the vertical water column.

Global reference surface water values (Salminen et al_ 2005) and for the upper continental crust (McLennan 2001)_

Feature		U	Cd	As	Tl	Co	Cu	Ni	Pb	Cr	Zn
Reference values	Surface water – world [μg · L^–1]	0.5	0.2	2.0	0.01	0.3	7.0	2.5	0.3	1.0	20
Reference values	Rock – upper continental crust [μg · kg^–1]	2800	98	1500	750	17,000	25,000	44,000	20,000	83,000	71,000
	Standard WHO (2022) [μg · L^–1]	30*	3	10	–	–	2000	70	10	50	–

The results of the single pollution index (SPI) calculations for given metals/metalloids in the vertical column of the pit lake against mean values and standard deviations (SD)_ IPI – integrated pollution index_

Depth [m]	SPI										IPI
Depth [m]	As	Co	Cu	Ni	Cr	Tl	U	Pb	Cd	Zn	IPI
0	5916	3760	784.1	492.4	528.0	294.0	187.6	66.0	22.4	5.1	1206
1	5957	3810	844.9	542.0	518.0	278.0	182.8	111.3	21.6	10.1	1228
2	6055	3777	826.7	546.0	525.0	176.0	195.2	108.7	25.8	13.2	1225
3	6041	3773	829.9	535.6	553.0	235.0	193.4	84.3	23.2	12.1	1228
4	6059	3780	819.6	516.4	500.0	270.0	190.2	89.0	24.1	7.7	1225
5	6583	4023	891.7	576.0	531.0	239.0	206.0	189.0	22.3	22.7	1328
6	6648	3957	920.7	558.0	568.0	328.0	200.0	161.3	26.7	26.1	1339
7	6909	4150	939.1	620.4	593.0	387.0	212.0	133.0	28.4	21.7	1399
Mean	6271	3879	857.1	548.4	539.5	275.9	195.9	117.8	24.3	14.8	1272
SD	356.1	137.2	50.6	36.1	28.0	59.6	9.1	38.7	2.3	7.2	67.7

Dry matter (TDS), salinity and concentration of selected ions in the water column (every 1 m) of the Podwiśniówka mine pit lake on 18 November 2018_

Depth [m]	TDS [mg · L^–1]	Salinity [%]	Fe_tot. = Fe⁽³⁺⁾ + Fe⁽²⁺⁾	Fe²⁺	SO₄^2–	PO₄^3–
Depth [m]	TDS [mg · L^–1]	Salinity [%]	[mg · L^–1]
0	2580	2.9	739	12	3110	16.2
1	2938	3.2	736	12	3110	13.3
2	3383	3.7	762	12	3090	11.6
3	3562	3.9	741	21	3000	15.6
4	3656	4.1	774	34	3060	14.2
5	3822	4.3	770	79	3090	15.3
6	4258	4.7	808	100	3460	15.6
7	4453	4.9	842	130	3390	18.4

Correlation matrix between metal/metalloid concentrations in water_

	As	Cu	Ni	Co	Cr	Zn	U	Pb	Cd	Tl
As	1.00
Cu	0.95	1.00
Ni	0.88	0.91	1.00
Co	0.97	0.92	0.91	1.00
Cr	0.77	0.75	0.72	0.72	1.00
Zn	0.90	0.93	0.80	0.82	0.68	1.00
U	0.93	0.82	0.86	0.90	0.72	0.82	1.00
Pb	0.77	0.81	0.70	0.74	0.35	0.90	0.68	1.00
Cd	0.67	0.63	0.61	0.55	0.70	0.55	0.66	0.23	1.00
Tl	0.61	0.58	0.43	0.63	0.64	0.34	0.38	0.15	0.47	1.00

Case Study of Water Pollution in Podwiśniówka Acid Mine Pit Lake (Holy Cross Mts., Poland)

Figures & Tables

Fig. 1.

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Fig. 6.

Fig. 7.

Fig. 8.

Fig. 9.

Global reference surface water values (Salminen et al_ 2005) and for the upper continental crust (McLennan 2001)_

The results of the single pollution index (SPI) calculations for given metals/metalloids in the vertical column of the pit lake against mean values and standard deviations (SD)_ IPI – integrated pollution index_

Dry matter (TDS), salinity and concentration of selected ions in the water column (every 1 m) of the Podwiśniówka mine pit lake on 18 November 2018_

Correlation matrix between metal/metalloid concentrations in water_

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