Watershed Prioritisation of Drainage Basins Based on Geomorphometric Parameters, Neyyar Watershed, India

Shekar, Padala Raja; Mathew, Aneesh

doi:10.14746/quageo-2023-0022

Figures & Tables

Location map and hypsometric map of the study area, Neyyar watershed.

Map of drainage networks and sub-watersheds.

Relationship between each sub-watershed’s stream number and stream order.

Relationship between each sub-watersheds stream length and stream order.

Fifteen morphometric parameters of each sub-watersheds.

Whiskers box plots of 15 morphometric parameters.

Priority of SWs based on three methods (A is morphometric analysis, B is PCA and C is hypsometric analysis). PCA, principal component analysis; SWs, sub-watersheds.

Hypsometric curve and hypsometric integral HI.

Methods or formulae of parameters used in this study_

Parameter	Formulae or methods	References
Methods or formulae for linear parameters
Stream order (U)	Hierarchical rank	Strahler (1964)
Stream number (N_u)	N_u = N_u1 + N_u2 + ··· + N_un	Horton (1945)
Stream length (L_u)	L_u = L_u1 + L_u2 + ··· + L_un	Horton (1945)
Mean bifurcation ratio (R_bm)	Average of bifurcation ratio of all orders	Strahler (1957)
Bifurcation ratio (R_b)	R_b = (N_u / N_u+1)	Strahler (1964)
Mean stream length ratio (R_lm)	Average of the steam length ratio of all orders	Strahler (1964)
Stream length ratio (R_l)	R_l = (L_u / L_u−1)	Horton (1945)
Drainage density (D_d)	D_d = (ΣL_u) / A	Schumm (1956)
Stream frequency (F_s)	F_s = (ΣN_u) / A	Schumm (1956)
Length of overland flow (L_o)	L_o = (1 / (2Dd))	Horton (1945)
Drainage texture (D_t)	D_t = (ΣN_u) / P	Schumm (1956)
Drainage intensity (D_i)	D_i = (F_s / D_d)	Faniran (1968)
RHO coefficient (ρ)	(R_lm / R_bm)	Horton (1945)
Methods or formulae for relief parameters
Maximum elevation (H)	GIS software	–
Minimum elevation (h)	GIS software	–
Relief (B_h)	B_h = H–h	Strahler (1952a)
Ruggedness number (R_n)	R_n = B_h × D_d	Strahler (1952b)
Relative relief (R_hp)	R_hp = H × 100 / P	Melton (1957)
Methods or formulae for areal or shape parameters
Perimeter of watershed (P)	GIS software	–
Area of watershed (A)	GIS software	–
Compactness coefficient (C_c)	C_c = (P / 2(πA)^0.5)	Horton (1945)
Form factor (F_f)	F_f = (A / Lb²)	Horton (1945)
Elongation ratio (R_e)	R_e = (2 (A / π)^0.5) / (L_b)	Schumm (1956)
Watershed length (L_b)	L_b = 1.312 × A^0.568	Nookaratnam et al. (2005)
Circulatory ratio (R_c)	R_c = 4πA / P², where π = 3.14	Miller (1953)
Method or formula for hypsometric analysis
Elevation-to-relief ratio (E)	E = (Mean elevation − minimum elevation / Maximum elevation − minimum elevation)	Pike and Wilson (1971)

Final ranking of morphometric analysis_

Parameter	SW1	SW2	SW3	SW4	SW5	SW6	SW7	SW8	SW9	SW10	SW11
Mean bifurcation ratio	8	10	11	7	6	5	2	3	9	4	1
Mean steam length ratio	10	6	7	3	11	4	8	5	9	1	2
Stream frequency	2	1	4	5	11	9	6	8	10	3	7
Drainage density	2	1	6	7	11	9	4	10	8	3	5
Drainage texture	1	2	4	5	11	9	6	10	7	3	8
Length of overland flow	10	11	6	5	1	3	8	2	4	9	7
RHO coefficient	3	9	8	11	1	7	2	5	4	10	6
Drainage intensity	2	1	4	5	11	9	7	6	10	3	8
Relief	1	4	2	3	6	5	8	7	9	11	10
Relative ratio	1	3	2	4	6	5	8	7	11	9	10
Ruggedness number	1	3	2	4	6	5	8	7	11	9	10
Circulatory ratio	8	9	11	10	1	6	5	2	4	7	3
Elongation ratio	7	11	8	9	2	5	6	3	1	10	4
Form factor	7	11	8	9	2	5	6	3	1	10	4
Compactness coefficient	4	3	1	2	11	6	7	10	8	5	9
Sum of rankings (X)	67	85	84	89	97	92	91	88	106	97	94
Total number of parameters (Y)	15	15	15	15	15	15	15	15	15	15	15
Compound parameter (X/Y)	4.47	5.67	5.60	5.93	6.47	6.13	6.07	5.87	7.07	6.47	6.27
Ranking	1	3	2	5	9	7	6	4	11	10	8
Final priority	High	Medium	Medium	Medium	Low	Medium	Medium	Medium	Low	Low	Low

Correlogram of 15 morphometric parameters_

	R_bm	R_lm	F_s	D_d	D_t	L_o	p	D_i	B_h	R_hp	R_n	R_c	R_e	F_f	C_c
R_bm	1
R_lm	0.45	1
F_s	−0.40	0.08	1
D_d	−0.36	0.09	0.97	1
D_t	−0.54	−0.06	0.92	0.89	1
L_o	0.33	−0.13	−0.95	−0.99	−0.88	1
p	0.27	−0.72	−0.41	−0.36	−0.37	0.39	1
D_i	−0.39	0.13	0.99	0.93	0.92	−0.91	−0.47	1
B_h	−0.68	−0.32	0.42	0.41	0.65	−0.40	−0.19	0.43	1
R_hp	−0.73	−0.26	0.51	0.49	0.69	−0.49	−0.29	0.51	0.98	1
R_n	−0.68	−0.33	0.52	0.50	0.73	−0.49	−0.17	0.51	0.99	0.98	1
R_c	−0.62	0.20	0.51	0.49	0.61	−0.52	−0.68	0.54	0.71	0.79	0.68	1
R_e	−0.24	0.39	0.81	0.80	0.61	−0.80	−0.59	0.80	0.29	0.41	0.33	0.66	1
F_f	−0.25	0.39	0.81	0.80	0.61	−0.80	−0.59	0.80	0.29	0.41	0.33	0.66	1.00	1
C_c	0.59	−0.23	−0.56	−0.54	−0.65	0.57	0.68	−0.59	−0.69	−0.76	−0.67	−0.99	−0.69	−0.68	1

Neyyar basin linear parameters_

SW	Stream order(maximum)	Stream number(ΣN_u)	Stream length(ΣL_u)	Mean bifurcation ratio(Σ R_bm)	Mean stream length ratio(Σ R_lm)
SW 1	5	147	83	3.44	0.49
SW 2	5	99	51	3.07	0.62
SW 3	5	97	70	2.92	0.58
SW 4	4	74	56	3.78	0.80
SW 5	4	77	87	3.96	0.46
SW 6	4	92	77	4.11	0.77
SW 7	4	104	81	4.56	0.55
SW 8	4	102	79	4.49	0.66
SW 9	5	138	120	3.36	0.49
SW 10	4	90	54	4.24	0.86
SW 11	4	113	90	4.58	0.85

Rotated component matrix (strong coefficients are marked by the bold font)_

Parameter	Component
Parameter	1	2	3
R_bm	−0.177	−0.814	0.031
R_lm	0.084	−0.414	0.855
F_s	0.951	0.256	0.125
D_d	0.956	0.229	0.106
D_t	0.802	0.515	0.039
L_o	−0.937	−0.227	−0.148
ρ	−0.232	−0.183	−0.884
D_i	0.918	0.263	0.185
B_h	0.200	0.945	−0.002
R_hp	0.277	0.937	0.087
R_n	0.311	0.911	−0.055
R_c	0.278	0.723	0.597
R_e	0.752	0.139	0.544
F_f	0.758	0.149	0.533
C_c	−0.336	−0.686	−0.599

Descriptive statistics of morphometric parameters_

Parameter	N	Minimum	Maximum	Sum	Mean	Standard error	Variance	Standard deviation	Median	25 percentiles	75 percentiles	Skewness	Kurtosis
R_bm	11	2.92	4.58	42.50	3.86	0.18	0.36	0.60	3.96	3.36	4.49	−0.31	−1.33
R_lm	11	0.46	0.86	7.15	0.65	0.05	0.02	0.15	0.62	0.49	0.80	0.27	−1.61
F_s	11	1.40	4.41	28.58	2.60	0.28	0.83	0.91	2.38	1.94	3.43	0.93	0.09
D_d	11	1.58	2.27	20.27	1.84	0.07	0.06	0.24	1.83	1.62	2.06	0.61	−0.68
D_t	11	1.21	3.38	24.03	2.18	0.18	0.37	0.61	1.98	1.88	2.49	0.64	0.45
L_o	11	0.22	0.32	3.03	0.28	0.01	0.00	0.03	0.27	0.24	0.31	−0.26	−1.13
ρ	11	4.72	8.55	67.67	6.15	0.42	1.92	1.39	5.38	4.96	6.98	0.70	−0.96
D_i	11	0.89	1.94	15.15	1.38	0.09	0.09	0.30	1.29	1.20	1.67	0.55	0.08
B_h	11	0.11	1.72	6.37	0.58	0.17	0.32	0.57	0.35	0.11	0.73	1.24	0.48
R_hp	11	0.18	4.17	16.46	1.50	0.46	2.32	1.52	0.64	0.34	2.46	0.99	−0.47
R_n	11	0.18	3.71	12.28	1.12	0.36	1.39	1.18	0.56	0.22	1.65	1.40	1.16
R_c	11	0.17	0.31	2.52	0.23	0.01	0.00	0.05	0.25	0.18	0.26	0.24	−1.24
R_e	11	0.64	0.70	7.35	0.67	0.00	0.00	0.02	0.67	0.66	0.68	0.29	−0.11
F_f	11	0.32	0.38	3.86	0.35	0.00	0.00	0.02	0.35	0.34	0.37	0.32	−0.13
C_c	11	1.79	2.42	23.32	2.12	0.07	0.05	0.22	2.01	1.97	2.34	0.07	−1.68

Final ranking of hypsometric analysis_

Parameter	SW1	SW2	SW3	SW4	SW5	SW6	SW7	SW8	SW9	SW10	SW11
HI	0.37	0.24	0.32	0.28	0.15	0.16	0.33	0.34	0.32	0.39	0.38
Ranking	9	3	6	4	1	2	7	8	5	11	10
Final priority	High	Medium	Low	Medium	Low	Low	High	High	High	High	High

Final ranking of principal component analysis_

Parameter	SW 1	SW2	SW 3	SW4	SW 5	SW6	SW7	SW8	SW 9	SW10	SW11
Drainage density	2	1	6	7	11	9	4	10	8	3	5
RHO coefficient	3	9	8	11	1	7	2	5	4	10	6
Relief	1	4	2	3	6	5	8	7	9	11	10
Sum of rankings (X)	6	14	16	21	18	21	14	22	21	24	21
Total number of parameters (Y)	3	3	3	3	3	3	3	3	3	3	3
Compound parameter (X/Y)	2	4.67	5.33	7	6	7	4.67	7.33	7	8	7
Ranking	1	2	4	6	5	7	3	10	8	11	9
Final priority	High	Medium	Medium	Low	Low	Low	Medium	Low	Low	Low	Low

Total variance of the morphometric indices explained (15 morphometric parameters)_

Component (15 morphometric parameters)	Initial eigenvalues			Extraction sums of squared loadings			Rotation sums of squared loadings
Component (15 morphometric parameters)	Total	% of variance	Cumulative (%)	Total	% of variance	Cumulative (%)	Total	% of variance	Cumulative (%)
1	9.065	60.430	60.430	9.065	60.430	60.430	5.817	38.781	38.781
2	2.921	19.471	79.902	2.921	19.471	79.902	5.007	33.382	72.164
3	1.744	11.629	91.530	1.744	11.629	91.530	2.905	19.367	91.530
4	0.521	3.471	95.001
5	0.461	3.076	98.076
6	0.165	1.100	99.176
7	0.109	0.724	99.900
8	0.011	0.074	99.974
9	0.003	0.018	99.992
10	0.001	0.008	100.000
11	2.101E-16	1.401E-15	100.000
12	8.838E-17	5.892E-16	100.000
13	2.866E-17	1.911E-16	100.000
14	−3.703E-16	−2.468E-15	100.000
15	−9.560E-16	−6.373E-15	100.000

Common priority of three methods (high = H, medium = M, low = L)_

Method	SW1	SW2	SW3	SW4	SW5	SW6	SW7	SW8	SW9	SW10	SW11
Morphometric analysis	H	M	M	M	L	M	M	M	L	L	L
PCA	H	M	M	L	L	L	M	L	L	L	L
Hypsometric analysis	H	M	L	M	L	L	H	H	H	H	H
Common priority	H	M	M	M	L	L	M	–	L	L	L

Watershed Prioritisation of Drainage Basins Based on Geomorphometric Parameters, Neyyar Watershed, India

Figures & Tables

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Methods or formulae of parameters used in this study_

Final ranking of morphometric analysis_

Correlogram of 15 morphometric parameters_

Neyyar basin linear parameters_

Rotated component matrix (strong coefficients are marked by the bold font)_

Descriptive statistics of morphometric parameters_

Final ranking of hypsometric analysis_

Final ranking of principal component analysis_

Total variance of the morphometric indices explained (15 morphometric parameters)_

Common priority of three methods (high = H, medium = M, low = L)_

Paradigm

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