Does Tolerance Matter? The Spatial Distribution of Creative Industries Across Cities in Indonesia

Brata, Aloysius Gunadi; Ambarwati, Diah Kartika; Lobo, Lorensius Toto; Patnasari, Yenny; Sukamto, Andreas

doi:10.14746/quageo-2023-0012

Figures & Tables

Spatial distribution of the cities and establishments of the creative economy at the island level.
BEKRAF – Indonesian Agency for Creative Economy;
BPS – Central Bureau of Statistics
Source: BPS and BEKRAF (2017), processed. — Spatial distribution of the cities and establishments of the creative economy at the island level. BEKRAF – Indonesian Agency for Creative Economy; BPS – Central Bureau of Statistics Source: BPS and BEKRAF (2017), processed.

Number of cities for each sub-sector of the creative economy.
BEKRAF – Indonesian Agency for Creative Economy;
BPS – Central Bureau of Statistics; CCOM – total number of creative companies at city level
Source: BPS and BEKRAF (2017), processed. — Number of cities for each sub-sector of the creative economy. BEKRAF – Indonesian Agency for Creative Economy; BPS – Central Bureau of Statistics; CCOM – total number of creative companies at city level Source: BPS and BEKRAF (2017), processed.

HHI of the creative economy (based on the number of companies).
BEKRAF – Indonesian Agency for Creative Economy; BPS – Central Bureau of Statistics; CCOM – total number of creative companies at city level; HHI – Herfindahl–Hirschman Index
Source: BPS and BEKRAF (2017), processed. — HHI of the creative economy (based on the number of companies). BEKRAF – Indonesian Agency for Creative Economy; BPS – Central Bureau of Statistics; CCOM – total number of creative companies at city level; HHI – Herfindahl–Hirschman Index Source: BPS and BEKRAF (2017), processed.

Regression results: City Tolerance Index (decomposed)_

	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)	(5)	(6)	(7)	(8)	(9)
	logCCOM	logAR	logID	logVCD	logPD	logFAV	logPHO	logCRA	logCm
logCTI1	1.18**(3.55)	2.02(1.73)	3.86***(4.15)	5.06**(3.68)	0.81(0.97)	1.29*(2.48)	1.10*(2.42)	1.08**(3.33)	1.26**(3.57)
logCTI2	−1.84***(−4.18)	−4.29**(−3.00)	−4.28*(−2.32)	−5.18***(−4.82)	−1.06(−1.49)	−1.58*(−2.75)	−1.33*(−2.63)	−1.38**(−2.90)	−1.95***(−4.20)
logCTI3	−0.29(−0.50)	−1.06(−1.43)	0.44(0.33)	2.82**(3.13)	0.37(0.70)	0.60(1.82)	0.06(0.16)	−0.20(−0.29)	−0.37(−0.61)
logCTI4	0.11(0.17)	1.15(1.33)	−0.85(−0.60)	−3.38*(−2.41)	−0.11(−0.15)	−0.80(−1.73)	0.03(0.06)	0.24(0.32)	0.13(0.19)
logCTI5	−0.37*(−2.65)	−1.11*(−2.29)	−2.21***(−4.13)	−2.48***(−5.58)	−0.83*(−2.45)	0.93***(−4.62)	−0.51*(−2.28)	−0.39*(−2.66)	−0.34*(−2.27)
logCTI6	0.13(0.59)	0.48(0.57)	1.18(1.54)	0.39(0.33)	−0.13(−0.30)	0.66*(2.07)	−0.21(−0.69)	−0.23(−1.00)	0.22(0.96)
logPOP	0.19***(4.76)	0.23*(2.49)	0.25*(2.52)	0.17*(2.30)	0.21***(3.93)	0.13***(3.87)	0.14***(4.24)	0.18***(4.17)	0.19***(4.68)
logHDI	2.10**(3.46)	8.48***(4.35)	4.10*(2.20)	7.88**(2.94)	3.97**(3.47)	1.55(1.60)	2.70**(3.61)	2.19*(2.55)	2.08**(3.24)
DC	0.09(1.24)	1.09***(5.43)	0.19(0.72)	−0.43(−1.87)	−0.21(−1.68)	0.00(0.03)	0.18*(2.30)	0.14(1.75)	0.08(1.16)
_Cons	−6.82*(−2.46)	−35.95***(−4.09)	−17.46(−2.03)	−32.31*(−2.73)	−18.44**(−3.64)	−6.60(−1.57)	−11.11**(−3.22)	−8.37*(−2.05)	−6.86*(−2.40)
N	99	93	60	52	73	81	98	99	99
Adjusted R²	0.709	0.675	0.570	0.509	0.469	0.602	0.601	0.551	0.711
F	74.38	73.81	71.88	97.37	40.26	50.04	27.51	24.62	76.66
	(10)	(11)	(12)	(13)	(14)	(15)	(16)	(17)
	logFAS	logMUS	logAGD	logPUB	logADV	logTR	logPA	logFA
logCTI1	0.84*(2.61)	1.17**(3.01)	3.50***(3.92)	1.60**(3.51)	1.43*(2.66)	0.64(1.20)	2.43**(3.60)	2.02***(3.70)
logCTI2	−1.53**(−3.60)	−1.77**(−3.47)	−4.61***(−5.53)	−2.14***(−4.18)	−1.44(−2.01)	−1.22**(−2.91)	−3.49***(−5.91)	−2.40***(−4.07)
logCTI3	−0.05(−0.10)	−0.38(−0.87)	−0.17(−0.12)	0.04(0.07)	0.67(1.18)	−0.14(−0.40)	0.06(0.08)	−0.09(−0.15)
logCTI4	0.03(0.05)	0.19(0.38)	−0.56(−0.38)	−0.23(−0.33)	−0.99(−1.49)	−0.06(−0.14)	−0.44(−0.61)	−0.11(−0.17)
logCTI5	−0.37**(−2.97)	−0.29(−1.53)	−0.76(−1.99)	−0.66***(−3.80)	−1.06***(−4.97)	−0.06(−0.30)	−0.81*(−2.64)	−0.85**(−3.53)
logCTI6	−0.05(−0.26)	0.49(1.84)	0.52(1.05)	0.11(0.35)	0.68*(2.15)	0.24(0.91)	0.20(0.44)	0.16(0.58)
logPOP	0.20***(4.87)	0.17***(4.35)	0.29***(4.07)	0.20***(4.41)	0.19***(4.55)	0.08**(3.29)	0.18***(4.12)	0.18***(4.74)
logHDI	2.46***(4.12)	2.65***(3.74)	2.70*(2.28)	3.42***(4.20)	3.33**(3.10)	1.59**(2.91)	2.42(1.98)	3.12***(4.03)
DC	0.06(1.00)	0.09(1.16)	0.04(0.33)	0.19*(2.19)	0.13(1.52)	0.40***(7.15)	0.13(1.13)	0.14(1.41)
_Cons	−9.41**(−3.41)	−11.22**(−3.33)	−12.44*(−2.52)	−14.31***(−3.84)	−15.02**(−3.16)	−6.67*(−2.53)	−10.27(−2.00)	−13.37***(−3.97)
N	99	99	91	99	74	97	94	99
Adjusted R²	0.689	0.620	0.609	0.668	0.696	0.558	0.542	0.608
F	102.73	41.88	26.01	45.07	118.73	36.94	35.29	67.48

Regression results: City Tolerance Index (composite)_

	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)	(5)	(6)	(7)	(8)	(9)
	logCCOM	logAR	logID	logVCD	logPD	logFAV	logPHO	logCRA	logCUL
logCTI	−0.40**(−3.06)	−1.13**(−3.41)	−0.99(−1.91)	−0.60(−1.70)	−0.28(−1.14)	−0.50*(−2.12)	−0.14(−0.81)	−0.14(−0.71)	−0.41**(−3.20)
logPOP	0.19***(4.37)	0.25*(2.67)	0.33**(2.84)	0.25**(2.87)	0.23***(3.84)	0.16***(3.92)	0.14***(4.09)	0.18***(3.80)	0.19***(4.27)
logHDI	2.27***(4.23)	9.06***(5.17)	6.20**(3.18)	9.57***(4.20)	4.15***(4.02)	2.55*(2.37)	2.66***(4.12)	2.11*(2.65)	2.31***(4.19)
DC	0.08(1.15)	1.06***(5.30)	0.15(0.58)	−0.62*(−2.62)	−0.25*(−2.17)	−0.05(−0.54)	0.18*(2.45)	0.14(1.68)	0.08(1.10)
_Cons	−7.53**(−3.21)	−38.18***(−5.03)	−28.49**(−3.17)	−42.64***(−4.60)	−19.54***(−4.61)	−11.58*(−2.52)	−11.22***(−3.79)	−8.18*(−2.09)	−7.86**(−3.45)
N	99	93	60	52	73	81	98	99	99
adj. R²	0.699	0.670	0.477	0.419	0.479	0.517	0.589	0.546	0.697
F	94.82	66.97	19.66	42.81	30.98	15.29	45.77	47.26	82.67
	(10)	(11)	(12)	(13)	(14)	(15)	(16)	(17)
	logFAS	logMUS	logAGD	logPUB	logADV	logTR	logPA	logFA
logCTI	−0.38**(−2.90)	−0.17(−1.31)	−0.49(−1.82)	−0.48**(−3.17)	−0.65*(−2.34)	−0.20(−1.61)	−0.65**(−3.01)	−0.47*(−2.52)
logPOP	0.20***(4.64)	0.18***(4.36)	0.31**(3.54)	0.21***(4.04)	0.24***(4.80)	0.08**(3.21)	0.20**(3.36)	0.18***(4.11)
logHDI	2.48***(4.37)	3.03***(5.13)	3.32**(3.18)	3.66***(4.98)	4.20**(3.09)	1.77***(4.12)	2.82**(2.82)	3.44***(4.65)
DC	0.05(0.86)	0.10(1.32)	0.04(0.30)	0.17*(2.07)	0.07(0.75)	0.40***(7.31)	0.11(1.06)	0.13(1.26)
_Cons	−9.35***(−3.72)	−13.37***(−5.03)	−16.24***(−4.06)	−15.47***(−4.87)	−19.37**(−3.29)	−7.55***(−3.69)	−12.36**(−3.28)	−15.13***(−4.82)
N	99	99	91	99	74	97	94	99
Adjusted R²	0.688	0.601	0.544	0.662	0.625	0.565	0.509	0.586
F	149.93	46.27	38.36	60.18	21.27	37.40	47.39	54.56

Summary statistics_

Variable	Mean	Standard deviation
Total number of creative companies (CCOM) (log)	4.08	0.48
Architecture (AR) (log)	2.76	1.42
Interior design (ID) (log)	1.38	1.13
Visual communication design (VCD) (log)	1.08	1.11
Product design (PD) (log)	0.84	0.65
Film, animation and video (FAV) (log)	0.71	0.51
Photography (PHO) (log)	1.81	0.44
Craft (CRA) (log)	2.97	0.48
Culinary (CUL) (log)	3.93	0.48
Music (MUS) (log)	1.76	0.51
Fashion (FAS) (log)	3.29	0.49
Application and game development (AGD) (log)	1.23	0.79
Publishing (PUB) (log)	2.20	0.62
Advertising (ADV) (log)	0.91	0.68
Television and radio (TR) (log)	0.96	0.43
Performing arts (PA) (log)	1.35	0.65
Fine arts (FA) (log)	1.37	0.60
City Tolerance Index (CTI) (log)	1.55	0.24
Mid-Term Regional Development Plan (CTI1) (log)	−0.34	0.25
Discriminatory regional rules (CTI2) (log)	0.08	0.11
Official statements on event (CTI3) (log)	−0.48	0.45
Official responses on event (CTI4) (log)	−0.29	0.40
Incidents of freedom of religion/belief abuses (CTI5) (log)	0.11	0.39
Population composition based on religions (CTI6) (log)	−0.39	0.16
Population (POP) (log)	12.42	1.38
Human Development Index (HDI) (log)	4.32	0.06
Provincial capital (DC) (dummy)	0.31	0.47

Does Tolerance Matter? The Spatial Distribution of Creative Industries Across Cities in Indonesia

Figures & Tables

Fig. 1.

Fig. 2.

Fig. 3.

Regression results: City Tolerance Index (decomposed)_

Regression results: City Tolerance Index (composite)_

Summary statistics_

Paradigm

My account