Skip to main content
Have a personal or library account? Click to login
Does Tolerance Matter? The Spatial Distribution of Creative Industries Across Cities in Indonesia Cover

Does Tolerance Matter? The Spatial Distribution of Creative Industries Across Cities in Indonesia

Quaestiones Geographicae
Volume 42 (2023): Issue 2 (June 2023)
By: ,  ,  ,   and    
Open Access
|Jun 2023
Figures & tables

Figures & Tables

Fig. 1.

Spatial distribution of the cities and establishments of the creative economy at the island level.

BEKRAF – Indonesian Agency for Creative Economy;

BPS – Central Bureau of Statistics

Source: BPS and BEKRAF (2017), processed.

Fig. 2.

Number of cities for each sub-sector of the creative economy.

BEKRAF – Indonesian Agency for Creative Economy;

BPS – Central Bureau of Statistics; CCOM – total number of creative companies at city level

Source: BPS and BEKRAF (2017), processed.

Fig. 3.

HHI of the creative economy (based on the number of companies).

BEKRAF – Indonesian Agency for Creative Economy; BPS – Central Bureau of Statistics; CCOM – total number of creative companies at city level; HHI – Herfindahl–Hirschman Index

Source: BPS and BEKRAF (2017), processed.

Table 1.

Summary statistics.

VariableMeanStandard deviation
Total number of creative companies (CCOM) (log)  4.080.48
Architecture (AR) (log)  2.761.42
Interior design (ID) (log)  1.381.13
Visual communication design (VCD) (log)  1.081.11
Product design (PD) (log)  0.840.65
Film, animation and video (FAV) (log)  0.710.51
Photography (PHO) (log)  1.810.44
Craft (CRA) (log)  2.970.48
Culinary (CUL) (log)  3.930.48
Music (MUS) (log)  1.760.51
Fashion (FAS) (log)  3.290.49
Application and game development (AGD) (log)  1.230.79
Publishing (PUB) (log)  2.200.62
Advertising (ADV) (log)  0.910.68
Television and radio (TR) (log)  0.960.43
Performing arts (PA) (log)  1.350.65
Fine arts (FA) (log)  1.370.60
City Tolerance Index (CTI) (log)  1.550.24
Mid-Term Regional Development Plan (CTI1) (log)−0.340.25
Discriminatory regional rules (CTI2) (log)  0.080.11
Official statements on event (CTI3) (log)−0.480.45
Official responses on event (CTI4) (log)−0.290.40
Incidents of freedom of religion/belief abuses (CTI5) (log)  0.110.39
Population composition based on religions (CTI6) (log)−0.390.16
Population (POP) (log)12.421.38
Human Development Index (HDI) (log)  4.320.06
Provincial capital (DC) (dummy)  0.310.47

1 CCOM – total number of creative companies at city level.

1 Source: own study.

Table 2.

Regression results: City Tolerance Index (composite).

(1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8)(9)
logCCOMlogARlogIDlogVCDlogPDlogFAVlogPHOlogCRAlogCUL
logCTI−0.40**
(−3.06)		−1.13**
(−3.41)		−0.99
(−1.91)		−0.60
(−1.70)		−0.28
(−1.14)		−0.50*
(−2.12)		−0.14
(−0.81)		−0.14
(−0.71)		−0.41**
(−3.20)
logPOP0.19***
(4.37)		0.25*
(2.67)		0.33**
(2.84)		0.25**
(2.87)		0.23***
(3.84)		0.16***
(3.92)		0.14***
(4.09)		0.18***
(3.80)		0.19***
(4.27)
logHDI2.27***
(4.23)		9.06***
(5.17)		6.20**
(3.18)		9.57***
(4.20)		4.15***
(4.02)		2.55*
(2.37)		2.66***
(4.12)		2.11*
(2.65)		2.31***
(4.19)
DC0.08
(1.15)		1.06***
(5.30)		0.15
(0.58)		−0.62*
(−2.62)		−0.25*
(−2.17)		−0.05
(−0.54)		0.18*
(2.45)		0.14
(1.68)		0.08
(1.10)
_Cons−7.53**
(−3.21)		−38.18***
(−5.03)		−28.49**
(−3.17)		−42.64***
(−4.60)		−19.54***
(−4.61)		−11.58*
(−2.52)		−11.22***
(−3.79)		−8.18*
(−2.09)		−7.86**
(−3.45)
N999360527381989999
adj. R20.6990.6700.4770.4190.4790.5170.5890.5460.697
F94.8266.9719.6642.8130.9815.2945.7747.2682.67
(10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17)
logFASlogMUSlogAGDlogPUBlogADVlogTRlogPAlogFA
logCTI−0.38**
(−2.90)		−0.17
(−1.31)		−0.49
(−1.82)		−0.48**
(−3.17)		−0.65*
(−2.34)		−0.20
(−1.61)		−0.65**
(−3.01)		−0.47*
(−2.52)
logPOP0.20***
(4.64)		0.18***
(4.36)		0.31**
(3.54)		0.21***
(4.04)		0.24***
(4.80)		0.08**
(3.21)		0.20**
(3.36)		0.18***
(4.11)
logHDI2.48***
(4.37)		3.03***
(5.13)		3.32**
(3.18)		3.66***
(4.98)		4.20**
(3.09)		1.77***
(4.12)		2.82**
(2.82)		3.44***
(4.65)
DC0.05
(0.86)		0.10
(1.32)		0.04
(0.30)		0.17*
(2.07)		0.07
(0.75)		0.40***
(7.31)		0.11
(1.06)		0.13
(1.26)
_Cons−9.35***
(−3.72)		−13.37***
(−5.03)		−16.24***
(−4.06)		−15.47***
(−4.87)		−19.37**
(−3.29)		−7.55***
(−3.69)		−12.36**
(−3.28)		−15.13***
(−4.82)
N9999919974979499
Adjusted R20.6880.6010.5440.6620.6250.5650.5090.586
F149.9346.2738.3660.1821.2737.4047.3954.56

1 Notes: The t-statistics are provided in parentheses.

1* p<0.05,

1** p<0.01,

1*** p<0.001

1 Robust standard error (clustered by province).

1 ADV – advertising; AGD – applications and game development; AR – architecture; CCOM – total number of creative companies at city level; CRA – crafts; CTI – City Tolerance Index; CUL – culinary; DC – capital of the province; FA – fine arts; FAV – film, animation and video; HDI – Human Development Index; ID – interior design; MUS – music; PA – performing arts; PD – product design; PHO – photography; POP – population; PUB – publishing; TR – television and radio; VCD – visual communication design.

Table 3.

Regression results: City Tolerance Index (decomposed).

(1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8)(9)
logCCOMlogARlogIDlogVCDlogPDlogFAVlogPHOlogCRAlogCm
logCTI11.18**
(3.55)		2.02
(1.73)		3.86***
(4.15)		5.06**
(3.68)		0.81
(0.97)		1.29*
(2.48)		1.10*
(2.42)		1.08**
(3.33)		1.26**
(3.57)
logCTI2−1.84***
(−4.18)		−4.29**
(−3.00)		−4.28*
(−2.32)		−5.18***
(−4.82)		−1.06
(−1.49)		−1.58*
(−2.75)		−1.33*
(−2.63)		−1.38**
(−2.90)		−1.95***
(−4.20)
logCTI3−0.29
(−0.50)		−1.06
(−1.43)		0.44
(0.33)		2.82**
(3.13)		0.37
(0.70)		0.60
(1.82)		0.06
(0.16)		−0.20
(−0.29)		−0.37
(−0.61)
logCTI40.11
(0.17)		1.15
(1.33)		−0.85
(−0.60)		−3.38*
(−2.41)		−0.11
(−0.15)		−0.80
(−1.73)		0.03
(0.06)		0.24
(0.32)		0.13
(0.19)
logCTI5−0.37*
(−2.65)		−1.11*
(−2.29)		−2.21***
(−4.13)		−2.48***
(−5.58)		−0.83*
(−2.45)		0.93***
(−4.62)		−0.51*
(−2.28)		−0.39*
(−2.66)		−0.34*
(−2.27)
logCTI60.13
(0.59)		0.48
(0.57)		1.18
(1.54)		0.39
(0.33)		−0.13
(−0.30)		0.66*
(2.07)		−0.21
(−0.69)		−0.23
(−1.00)		0.22
(0.96)
logPOP0.19***
(4.76)		0.23*
(2.49)		0.25*
(2.52)		0.17*
(2.30)		0.21***
(3.93)		0.13***
(3.87)		0.14***
(4.24)		0.18***
(4.17)		0.19***
(4.68)
logHDI2.10**
(3.46)		8.48***
(4.35)		4.10*
(2.20)		7.88**
(2.94)		3.97**
(3.47)		1.55
(1.60)		2.70**
(3.61)		2.19*
(2.55)		2.08**
(3.24)
DC0.09
(1.24)		1.09***
(5.43)		0.19
(0.72)		−0.43
(−1.87)		−0.21
(−1.68)		0.00
(0.03)		0.18*
(2.30)		0.14
(1.75)		0.08
(1.16)
_Cons−6.82*
(−2.46)		−35.95***
(−4.09)		−17.46
(−2.03)		−32.31*
(−2.73)		−18.44**
(−3.64)		−6.60
(−1.57)		−11.11**
(−3.22)		−8.37*
(−2.05)		−6.86*
(−2.40)
N999360527381989999
Adjusted R20.7090.6750.5700.5090.4690.6020.6010.5510.711
F74.3873.8171.8897.3740.2650.0427.5124.6276.66
(10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17)
logFASlogMUSlogAGDlogPUBlogADVlogTRlogPAlogFA
logCTI10.84*
(2.61)		1.17**
(3.01)		3.50***
(3.92)		1.60**
(3.51)		1.43*
(2.66)		0.64
(1.20)		2.43**
(3.60)		2.02***
(3.70)
logCTI2−1.53**
(−3.60)		−1.77**
(−3.47)		−4.61***
(−5.53)		−2.14***
(−4.18)		−1.44
(−2.01)		−1.22**
(−2.91)		−3.49***
(−5.91)		−2.40***
(−4.07)
logCTI3−0.05
(−0.10)		−0.38
(−0.87)		−0.17
(−0.12)		0.04
(0.07)		0.67
(1.18)		−0.14
(−0.40)		0.06
(0.08)		−0.09
(−0.15)
logCTI40.03
(0.05)		0.19
(0.38)		−0.56
(−0.38)		−0.23
(−0.33)		−0.99
(−1.49)		−0.06
(−0.14)		−0.44
(−0.61)		−0.11
(−0.17)
logCTI5−0.37**
(−2.97)		−0.29
(−1.53)		−0.76
(−1.99)		−0.66***
(−3.80)		−1.06***
(−4.97)		−0.06
(−0.30)		−0.81*
(−2.64)		−0.85**
(−3.53)
logCTI6−0.05
(−0.26)		0.49
(1.84)		0.52
(1.05)		0.11
(0.35)		0.68*
(2.15)		0.24
(0.91)		0.20
(0.44)		0.16
(0.58)
logPOP0.20***
(4.87)		0.17***
(4.35)		0.29***
(4.07)		0.20***
(4.41)		0.19***
(4.55)		0.08**
(3.29)		0.18***
(4.12)		0.18***
(4.74)
logHDI2.46***
(4.12)		2.65***
(3.74)		2.70*
(2.28)		3.42***
(4.20)		3.33**
(3.10)		1.59**
(2.91)		2.42
(1.98)		3.12***
(4.03)
DC0.06
(1.00)		0.09
(1.16)		0.04
(0.33)		0.19*
(2.19)		0.13
(1.52)		0.40***
(7.15)		0.13
(1.13)		0.14
(1.41)
_Cons−9.41**
(−3.41)		−11.22**
(−3.33)		−12.44*
(−2.52)		−14.31***
(−3.84)		−15.02**
(−3.16)		−6.67*
(−2.53)		−10.27
(−2.00)		−13.37***
(−3.97)
N9999919974979499
Adjusted R20.6890.6200.6090.6680.6960.5580.5420.608
F102.7341.8826.0145.07118.7336.9435.2967.48

1 Notes: The t-statistics are provided in parentheses.

1* p<0.05,

1** p<0.01,

1*** p<0.001

1 Robust standard error (clustered by province).

1 ADV – advertising; AGD – applications and game development; AR – architecture; CCOM – total number of creative companies at city level; CRA – crafts; CTI – City Tolerance Index; CTI1 – Mid-Term Regional Development Plan; CTI2 – discriminatory regional rules; CTI3 – official statements on intolerance events; CTI4 – official responses to intolerance events; CTI5 – incidents of freedom of religion or belief abuses; CTI6 – population composition based on religion; CUL – culinary; DC – capital of the province; FA – fine arts; FAS – fashion; FAV – film, animation and video; HDI – Human Development Index; ID – interior design; MUS – music; PA – performing arts; PD – product design; PHO – photography; POP – population; PUB – publishing; TR – television and radio; VCD – visual communication design.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.14746/quageo-2023-0012 | Journal eISSN: 2081-6383 | Journal ISSN: 2082-2103 (formerly 0137-477X)
Journal RSS Feed
Language: English, German
Page range: 5 - 17
Submitted on: Aug 13, 2022
Published on: Jun 27, 2023
Published by: Adam Mickiewicz University
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Keywords:
spatial distribution,
creative economy,
tolerance,
Indonesia
Related subjects:
Geosciences,
Geography

© 2023 Aloysius Gunadi Brata, Diah Kartika Ambarwati, Lorensius Toto Lobo, Yenny Patnasari, Andreas Sukamto, published by Adam Mickiewicz University
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.

Volume 42 (2023): Issue 2 (June 2023)
Next article