Fig. 1
Location of the stations.
Fig. 2
GSS date with average date from the multiannual period (horizontal line), trend breaking point (vertical line), and direction and intensity of changes in 1893–2020 and subperiods. GSS, growing season start.
Table 1
Five earliest and latest dates of GSS in the years 1893–2020. GSS, growing season start.
| No. | Kraków | Potsdam | Poznań | Prague | Toruń | Vienna |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| earliest start | ||||||
| 1 | 10.02.1990 | 03.02.1990 | 11.02.1990 | 31.12.2006 | 19.02.1990 | 03.01.2007 |
| 2 | 14.02.2002 14.02.2016 | 06.02.2020 | 16.02.2020 | 28.01.2020 | 08.03.1989 08.03.2019 | 06.02.2020 |
| 3 | 16.02.2020 | 14.02.2002 | 26.02.2014 | 29.01.2008 | 09.03.2014 | 07.02.1998 |
| 4 | 21.02.1989 | 17.02.2014 | 03.03.1989 | 03.02.1998 | 12.03.1938 | 08.02.2002 08.02.2016 |
| 5 | 25.02.2014 25.02.2019 | 20.02.2019 | 04.03.2019 | 04.02.1990 | 13.03.2007 | 11.02.1966 11.02.1995 |
| latest start | ||||||
| 1 | 18.04.1929 | 17.04.1929 | 20.04.1929 | 12.04.1917 | 23.04.1929 | 07.04.1929 07.04.1917 |
| 2 | 12.04.1958 | 14.04.1956 14.04.1917 | 18.04.1917 | 08.04.1929 | 21.04.1917 | 06.04.1958 |
| 3 | 11.04.1907 | 13.04.1958 | 17.04.1956 | 07.04.1958 | 19.04.1955 | 05.04.1931 |
| 4 | 10.04.1955 10.04.1931 10.04.1917 | 11.04.1931 | 16.04.1958 16.04.1931 16.04.1905 | 06.04.1931 | 18.04.1958 18.04.1956 18.04.1924 | 02.04.1907 02.04.1900 |
| 5 | 08.04.1942 08.04.1933 | 10.04.1970 | 14.04.1924 14.04.1902 | 03.04.1900 | 17.04.1954 17.04.1941 17.04.1931 17.04.1905 | 01.04.1955 01.04.1942 |
Fig. 3
GSE date with average date from the multiannual period (horizontal line), trend breaking point (vertical line), and the direction and intensity of changes in 1893–2020 and subperiods. GSE, growing season end.
Table 2
Five earliest and latest dates of GSE in the years 1893–2020. GSE, growing season end.
| No. | Kraków | Potsdam | Poznań | Prague | Toruń | Vienna |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| earliest end | ||||||
| 1 | 12.10.1920 | 13.10.1905 13.10.1922 | 13.10.1905 13.10.1922 | 26.10.1902 26.10.1919 26.10.1922 | 10.10.1922 | 21.10.1920 |
| 2 | 13.101905 | 20.10.1920 | 15.10.1946 | 27.10.1905 | 11.10.1920 | 25.10.1912 |
| 3 | 16.10.1922 16.10.1946 | 21.10.1919 | 18.10.1915 | 28.10.1912 28.10.1915 | 14.10.1905 | 26.10.1902 26.10.1922 |
| 4 | 19.10.1912 | 22.10.1915 | 19.10.1912 19.10.1919 19.10.1920 | 29.10.1897 29.10.1908 | 15.10.1946 | 27.10.1905 27.10.1908 |
| 5 | 21.10.1908 | 23.10.1902 | 20.10.1902 | 30.10.1920 30.10.1965 | 19.10.1912 19.10.1919 | 28.10.1915 28.10.1941 |
| latest start | ||||||
| 1 | 15.12.2015 | 14.01.2007 | 17.12.2015 | 05.01.1975 | 08.12.2015 | 15.12.1934 |
| 2 | 03.12.2006 | 22.12.2015 | 09.12.2006 | 28.12.2015 | 05.12.2006 | 08.12.2015 |
| 3 | 02.12.2019 | 16.12.1974 | 30.11.2019 | 20.12.2011 | 25.11.2019 | 06.12.2014 |
| 4 | 27.11.1926 27.11.1951 | 01.12.1951 | 25.11.1951 25.11.2020 | 17.12.2006 | 24.11.2000 | 04.12.2006 04.12.2019 |
| 5 | 26.11.2014 | 29.11.1994 29.11.2020 | 24.11.2000 | 15.12.1979 | 23.11.2020 | 29.11.1926 29.11.2000 |
Fig. 4
GSL with the average date from the multiannual period (horizontal line), and the direction and intensity of changes (1893–2020). GSL, growing season length.
Table 3
Five shortest and longest (GSL, in days) in the years 1893–2020. GSL, growing season length.
| No. | Kraków | Potsdam | Poznań | Prague | Toruń | Vienna |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| shortest GS (year) | ||||||
| 1 | 194 (1905) | 194 (1922) | 181 (1905) | 214 (1915) | 181 (1905) | 213 (1931) |
| 2 | 200 (1908) | 198 (1905) | 190 (1902) | 216 (1919) | 185 (1902) | 215 (1908) |
| 3 | 201 (1931) | 201 (1956) | 194 (1956) | 217 (1908) 217 (1931) | 186 (1922) | 217 (1915) |
| 4 | 203 (1902) 203 (1941) | 202 (1915) 202 (1919) 202 (1941) | 195 (1931) 195 (1941) | 218 (1956) 218 (1965) | 187 (1941) | 218 (1956) |
| 5 | 206 (1956) | 206 (1908) | 196 (1915) | 219 (1917) | 189 (1956) | 219 (1907) |
| longest GS (year) | ||||||
| 1 | 285 (1990) | 297(2020) | 283 (2020) | 319 (1974) | 270 (2015) | 308 (2007) |
| 2 | 281 (2019) | 290 (2006) | 278 (2015) | 317 (2020) | 264 (1990) | 294 (2020) |
| 3 | 280 (2015) | 285 (2015) | 274 (1990) | 315 (2007) | 263 (2019) | 291 (2019) |
| 4 | 279 (2020) | 283 (1990) 283 (1974) 283 (2014) | 272 (2019) | 306 (2008) | 251 (1938) | 289 (2002) 289 (2014) |
| 5 | 278 (2002) | 281 (2019) | 269 (2014) | 305 (2014) | 250 (2014) | 285 (2000) |