Skip to main content
Have a personal or library account? Click to login
Rapid changes in surface water carbonate chemistry during Antarctic sea ice melt Cover

Rapid changes in surface water carbonate chemistry during Antarctic sea ice melt

Open Access
|Jan 2010

References

  1. Ackley , S. E and Sullivan , C. W . 1994 . Physical controls on the development and characteristics of Antarctic sea-ice biolog-ical communities-a review and synthesis . Deep-Sea Res. I 41 , 1583 1604 .
  2. Alvarez , M. , Rios , A. E. and Roson , G. 2002. Spatio-temporal variability of air-sea fluxes of carbon dioxide and oxygen in the Bransfield and Gerlache Straits during Austral summer 1995-96. Deep-Sea Res. II 49 , 643 - 662 .
  3. Anderson , L. A. and Sarmiento , J. L . 1994 . Redfield Ratios of reminer-alization determined by nutrient data analysis . Global Biogeochem. Cycle 8 , 65 80 .
  4. Ardelan , M. V ., Holm-Hansen , O. , Hewes , C. D. , Reiss , C. S. , Silva , N. S. and co-authors . 2010 . Natural iron enrichment around the Antarctic Peninsula in the Southern Ocean. Biogeosciences 7 , 11 - 25 .
  5. Bakker , D. C. E. , de Baar , H. J. W. and Bathmann , U. V . 1997 . Changes of carbon dioxide in surface waters during spring in the Southern Ocean. Deep-Sea Res. 11 44 , 91 - 127 .
  6. Bakker , D.C.E. , Hoppema , M. , Schroder , M. , Geibert , W. and de Baar , H. J. W . 2008 . A rapid transition from ice covered CO2-rich waters to a biologically mediated CO2 sink in the eastern Weddell Gyre . Biogeosciences 5 , 1373 1386 .
  7. Bellerby , R. G. J. , Hoppema , M. , Fahrbach , E. , de Baar , H. J. W. and Stoll , M. H. C . 2004 . Interannual controls on Weddell Sea surface water fCO2 during the autumn-winter transition phase . Deep-Sea Res. I 51 , 793 808 .
  8. Blain , S. , Queguiner , B. , Armand , L. , Belviso , S. , Bombled , B. and co-authors . 2007 . Effect of natural iron fertilization on carbon se-questration in the Southern Ocean. Nature 446 , 1070 - 1075 .
  9. Brainerd , K. E. and Gregg , M. C . 1995 . Surface mixed and mixing layer depths. Deep-Sea Res. 1 42 , 1521 - 1543 .
  10. Buma , A. G. J. , Gieskes , W. W. C. and Thomsen , H. A . 1992 . Abun-dance of cryptophyceae and chlorophyll b containing organisms in the Weddell-Scotia Confluence area in the spring of 1988 . Polar Biol . 12 , 43 52 .
  11. Carmack , E. C. and Foster , T. D . 1975 . Flow of water out of Weddell Sea . Deep-Sea Res . 22 , 711 724 .
  12. Ciattaglia , L. , Colombo , T. and Masarie , K. A . 1999 . Continuous mea-surements of atmospheric CO2 at Jubany Station, Antarctica . Taus 51B , 713 721 .
  13. Comiso , J. C. , McClain , C. R. , Sullivan , C. W. , Ryan , J. P. and Leonard, C. L. 1993. Coastal Zone Color Scanner pigment concentrations in the Southern Ocean and relationships to geophysical surface-features. J. Geophys. Res . 98 , 2419 - 2451 .
  14. de Baar , H. J. W. , Buma , A. G. J. , Nolting , R. F. , Cadee , G. C. , Jacques , G. and co-authors 1990 . On iron limitation of the Southern Ocean - experimental observations in the Weddell and Scotia Seas. Mar Ecol. Progr. Ser 65 , 105 - 122 .
  15. Deacon , G. E. R. 1979 . Weddell Gyre. Deep-Sea Res . 26 , 981 - 995 .
  16. Delille , B. , Jourdain , B. , Borges , A. V. , Tison , J. L. and Delille , D. 2007 . Biogas (CO2,02, dimethylsulfide) dynamics in spring Antarctic fast ice. Limnol. Oceanogr . 52 , 1367 - 1379 .
  17. Dickson , A. G. and Millero , F. J . 1987 . A comparison of the equilibrium constants for the dissociation of carbonic acid in seawater media . Deep-Sea Res . 34 , 1733 1743 .
  18. Dickson , A. G . 1981 . An exact definition of total alkalinity and a proce-dure for the estimation of alkalinity and total inorganic carbon from titration data . Deep-Sea Res . 28 , 609 623 .
  19. DOE 2007 . In: Guide to Best Practices for Ocean CO2 Measurements (eds A.G. Dickson , C.L. Sabine and J.R. Christian ). PICES Special Publication 3 , 1 191 .
  20. Dieckmann , G. S. , Nehrke , G. , Papadimitriou S. , Gottlicher , J. , Steininger , R. and co-authors . 2008 . Calcium carbonate as ilcaite crystals in Antarctic sea ice. Geophys. Res. Lett ., 35 . doi: 10.1029/2008GL033540 .
  21. Dulaiova , H. , Ardelan , M. V. , Henderson , P. B. and Charette , M. A . 2009 . Shelf-derived iron inputs drive biological productiv-ity in the southern Drake Passage. Global Biogeochem. Cycle 23 , doi: 10.1029/2008GB003406 .
  22. Friis , K. , Körtzinger , A. and Wallace , D. W. R . 2003 . The salinity nor-malization of marine inorganic carbon chemistry data. Geophys. Res. Lett . 30 , doi: 10.1029/2002GL015898 .
  23. GEBCO , 2001 . General Bathymetric Chart of the Oceans Digital Atlas . British Oceanographic Data Centre, Liverpool , UK .
  24. Gibson , J. A. E. and Trull , T. W . 1999 . Annual cycle of CO2 under sea ice and in open water in Prydz Bay, east Antarctica . Mar Chem . 66 , 187 200 .
  25. Gill , A. E . 1973 . Circulation and bottom water production in Weddell Sea . Deep-Sea Res . 20 , 111 140 .
  26. Gleitz , M. , Grossmann , S. , Scharek , R. and Smetacek , V . 1996 . Ecology of diatom and bacterial assemblages in water associated with melt-ing summer sea ice in the Weddell Sea, Antarctica . Antarct. Sci . 8 , 135 146 .
  27. Gleitz , M. , Vonderloeff , M. R. , Thomas , D. N. , Dieckmann , G. S. and Millero , F. J . 1995 . Comparison of summer and winter inorganic carbon, oxygen and nutrient concentrations in Antarctic sea ice brine . Mar Chem . 51 , 81 91 .
  28. Gouretski , V. V. and Danilov , A. I . 1993 . Weddell Gyre - structure of the eastern boundary. Deep-Sea Res. 1 40 , 561 - 582 .
  29. Heinze , C. , Maier-Reimer E. and Winn , K . 1991 . GlacialpCO2 reduction by the World Ocean: experiements with the Hamburg carbon cycle model . Paleoceanography . 6 , 395 430 .
  30. Helbling , E. W. , Amos , A. F. , Silva , N. , Villafane , V. and Holm-Hansen, O. 1993. Phytoplankton distribution and abundance as related to a frontal system north of Elephant Island, Antarctica. Antarct. Sci . 5 , 25 - 36 .
  31. Hewes , C. D. , Reiss , C. S. , Kahru , M. , Mitchell , B. G. and Holm-Hansen, O. 2008. Control of phytoplankton biomass by dilution and mixed layer depth in the western Weddell-Scotia Confluence. Mar EcoL Prog. Ser 366 , 15 - 29 .
  32. Holm-Hansen , O. and Hewes , C. D. 2004. Deep chlorophyll-a maxima (DCMs) in Antarctic waters-I. relationships between DCMs and the physical, chemical, and optical conditions in the upper water column. Polar Biology 27 , 699 - 710 .
  33. Holm-Hansen , O. and Mitchell , B. G. 1991. Spatial and temporal dis-tribution of phytoplankton and primary production in the western Bransfield Strait region. Deep-Sea Res. A 38 , 961 - 980 .
  34. Hoppema , M. , de Baar , H. J. W. , Fahrbach , E. , Hellmer , H. H. and Klein , B . 2003 . Substantial advective iron loss diminishes phytoplankton production in the Antarctic Zone. Global Biogeochem. Cycle . 17 , doi: 10.1029/2002GB001957 .
  35. Hoppema , M. , Fahrbach , E. , Schroder , M. , Wisotzki , A. and de Baar , H. J. W . 1995 . Winter-summer differences of carbon dioxide and oxygen in the Weddell Sea surface layer . Mar Chem . 51 , 177 192 .
  36. Hoppema , M. , Fahrbach , E. , Stoll , M. H. C. and de Baar , H. J. W . 1999 . Annual uptake of atmospheric CO2 by the Weddell Sea derived from a surface layer balance, including estimations of entrainment and new production . J. Mar Sys . 19 , 219 233 .
  37. Hoppema , M. , Stoll , M. H. C. and de Baar , H. J. W . 2000 . CO2 in the Weddell Gyre and Antarctic Circumpolar Current: austral autumn and early winter . Mar Chem . 72 , 203 220 .
  38. Ishii , M. , Inoue , H. Y. and Matsueda , H . 2002 . Net community produc-tion in the marginal ice zone and its importance for the variability of the oceanic pCO2 in the Southern Ocean south of Australia. Deep-Sea Res. 11 49 , 1691 - 1706 .
  39. Ishii , M. , Inoue , H.Y. , Matsueda , H. and Tanoue , E . 1998 . Close cou-pling between seasonal biological production and dynamics of dis-solved inorganic carbon in the Indian Ocean sector and the western Pacific Ocean sector of the Antarctic Ocean . Deep-Sea Res. I 45 , 1187 1209 .
  40. Jacques , G. and Panouse , M . 1991 . Biomass and composition of size fractionated phytoplankton in the Weddell—Scotia Confluence area . Polar Biol . 11 , 315 328 .
  41. Jennings , J. C. , Gordon , L. I. and Nelson , D. M . 1984 . Nutrient depletion indicates high primary productivity in the Weddell Sea . Nature 309 , 51 54 .
  42. Jouandet , M. P. , Blain , S. , Metzl , N. , Brunet , C. , Trull , T. W. and co-authors 2008. A seasonal carbon budget for a naturally iron-fertilised bloom over the Kerguelen Plateau in the Southern Ocean. Deep-Sea Res. 11 55 , 856 - 867 .
  43. Johnson , K. M. , Sieburth , J. M. , Williams , P. J. L. and Brandstrom , L . 1987 . Coulometric total carbon dioxide analysis for marine studies—automation and calibration . Mar Chem . 21 , 117 133 .
  44. Kang , S. H. , Kang , J. S. , Lee , S. , Chung , K. H. , Kim , D. and co-authors 2001. Antarctic phytoplanlcton assemblages in the marginal ice zone of the northwestern Weddell Sea. J. Plankton Res . 23 , 333 - 352 .
  45. Klatt , O. , Roether , W. , Hoppema , M. , Bulsiewicz , K. , Fleischmann , U. and co-authors . 2002 . Repeated CFC sections at the Green-wich Meridian in the Weddell Sea. J. Geophys. Res . 107 , doi: 10.1029/2000JC000731 .
  46. Korb , R. E. , Whitehouse , M. J. , Thorpe , S. E. and Gordon , M . 2005 . Primary production across the Scotia Sea in relation to the physico-chemical environment . J. Mar Sys . 57 , 231 249 .
  47. Korb , R. E. , Whitehouse , M. J. , Gordon , M. , Ward , P. and Poulton , A. J. 2010. Summer microplanlcton community structure across the Scotia Sea: implications for biological carbon export. Biogeosciences 7 , 343 - 356 .
  48. Krembs , C. and Engel , A . 2001 . Abundance and variability of microor-ganisms and transparent exopolymer particles across the ice-water interface of melting first-year sea ice in the Laptev Sea (Arctic) . Mar Biol . 138 , 173 185 .
  49. Lancelot , C. , Mathot , S. , Veth , C. and Debaar , H . 1993 . Factors con-trolling phytoplanlcton ice edge blooms in the Marginal Ice Zone of the northwestern Weddell Sea during sea ice retreat 1988 -field observations and mathematical modelling . Polar Biol . 13 , 377 387 .
  50. Lannuzel , D. , Schoemann , V. , de Jong , J. , Chou , L. , Delille , B. and co-authors . 2008 . Iron study during a time series in the western Weddell pack ice. Mar Chem . 108 , 85 - 95 .
  51. Lannuzel , D. , Schoemann , V. , de Jong , J. , Tison , J. L. and Chou , L . 2007 . Distribution and biogeochemical behaviour of iron in the East Antarctic sea ice . Mar Chem . 106 , 18 32 .
  52. Lewis , E. and Wallace , D. W. R . 1998 . CO2SYS-Program developed for the CO2 system calculations . Carbon Dioxide Inf. Anal. Centre. Report ORNL/CDIAC-105 .
  53. Löscher , B. M. , de Baar , H. J. W. , de Jong , J. T. M. , Veth , C. and Dehairs , E 1997 . The distribution of Fe in the Antarctic Circumpolar Current. Deep-Sea Res. 11 44 , 143 - 187 .
  54. Marion , G. M . 2001 . Carbonate mineral solubility at low tempera-tures in the Na K Mg Ca H Cl 504. OH HCO3-0O3-0O2-H20 sys-tem . Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 65 , 1883 1896 .
  55. Martin , J. H . 1990 . Glacial-interglacial CO2 change: the iron hypothesis . Paleoceanography 5 , 1 13 .
  56. Mehrbach , C. , Culberson , C. H. , Hawley , J. E. and Pytkowicz , R. M . 1973 . Measurement of the apparent dissociation constants of car-bonic acid in seawater at atmospheric pressure . LimnoL Oceanogr 18 , 897 907 .
  57. Meiners , K. M. , Papadimitriou , S. , Thomas , D. N. , Norman , L. and Dieckmann , G. S . 2009 . Biogeochemical conditions and ice algal photosynthetic parameters in Weddell Sea ice during early spring . Polar Biol . 32 , 1055 1065 .
  58. Minas , H. J. and Minas , M . 1992 . Net community production in high nutrient-low chlorophyll waters of the tropical and Antarctic Oceans -grazing vs iron hypothesis . OceanoL Acta 15 , 145 162 .
  59. Naveira Garabato , A. C. , Heywood , K. J. and Stevens , D. P . 2002 . Modification and pathways of Southern Ocean Deep Waters in the Scotia Sea. Deep-Sea Res. 1 49 , 681 - 705 .
  60. Nomura , D. , Inoue , H. Y. and Yoyota T . 2006 . The effect of sea-ice growth on air-sea CO2 flux in a tank experiment . Tellus 58B , 418 426 .
  61. Nolting , R. F. , de Baar , H. J. W. , Vanbennekom , A. J. and Masson , A . 1991 . Cadmium, copper and iron in the Scotia Sea, Weddell Sea and Weddell Scotia Confluence (Antarctica) . Mar Chem . 35 , 219 243 .
  62. Orsi , A. H. , Johnson , G. C. and Bullister , J. L . 1999 . Circulation, mix-ing, and production of Antarctic Bottom Water . Progr Oceanogr 43 , 55 109 .
  63. Orsi , A. H. , Whitworth , T. and Nowlin , W. D . 1995 . On the meridional extent and fronts of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current. Deep-Sea Res. 1 42 , 641 - 673 .
  64. Papadimitriou , S. , Kennedy , H. , Kattner , G. , Diecicmann , G. S. and Thomas , D. N . 2004 . Experimental evidence for carbonate precipi-tation and CO2 degassing during sea ice formation . Geochim. Cos-mochim. Acta 68 , 1749 1761 .
  65. Papadimitriou , S. , Thomas , D. N. , Kennedy , H. , Haas , C. , Kuosa , F. and co-authors . 2007 . Biogeochemical composition of natural sea ice brines from the Weddell Sea during early austral summer . LimnoL Oceanogr 52 , 1809– 1823 .
  66. Parsons , T R. , Maita , Y. , Lalli , C. M. 1984. A Manual of Chemical and Biological Methods for Seawater Analysis . Pergamon Press , Oxford , 1 - 173 .
  67. Patterson , S. L. and Sievers , H. A . 1980 . The Weddell—Scotia Conflu-ence . J. Phys. Oceanogr 10 , 1584 1610 .
  68. Pollard , R. T. , Lucas , M. I. and Read , J. F . 2002 . Physical controls on biogeochemical zonation in the Southern Ocean. Deep-Sea Res. 11 49 , 3289 - 3305 .
  69. Pondaven , P. , Ragueneau , O. , Treguer, R , Hauvespre , A. , Dezileua , L. and co-authors . 2000 . Resolving the ‘opal paradox’ in the Southern Ocean. Nature 405 , 168 - 172 .
  70. Redfield , A. C. , Ketchum , B. H. and Richards , E A . 1963 . The influence of organisms on the composition of seawater . In: The Sea. Vol.2. The Composition of Seawater (ed. M.N. Hill ). Wiley , New York , 26 77 .
  71. Revelle , R. and Suess , H. E . 1957 . Carbon dioxide exchange between atmosphere and ocean and the question of an increase of atmospheric CO2 during the past decades . Tellus 9 , 18 27 .
  72. Rintoul , S. R. and Sokolov , S . 2001 . Baroclinic transport variability of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current south of Australia (VVOCE repeat section 5R3) . J. Geophys. Res . 106 , 2815 2832 .
  73. Rubin , S I. , Takahashi , T. , Chipman , D. W. and Goddard , J. G. 1998. Primary productivity and nutrient utilization ratios in the Pacific sec-tor of the Southern Ocean based on seasonal changes in seawater chemistry. Deep-Sea Res. 1 45 , 1211 - 1234 .
  74. Rysgaard , S. , Glud , R. N. , Sejr , M. K. , Bendtsen , J. and Chris-tensen , P. B . 2007 . Inorganic carbon transport during sea ice growth and decay: a carbon pump in polar seas. J. Geophys. Res . 112 , doi: 10.1029/2006JC003572 .
  75. Rysgaard , S. , Bendtsen , J. , Pedersen , L. T. , Ramlov , H. and Glud , R. N . 2009 . Increased CO2 uptake due to sea ice growth and decay in Nordic Seas. J. Geophys. Res . 114 , doi: 10.1029/2008JC005088.
  76. Sakshaug , E. , Slagstad , D. and Holm-Hansen , O. 1991. Factors control-ling the development of phytoplanlcton blooms in the Antarctic Ocean - a mathematical model. Mar Chem . 35 , 259 - 271 .
  77. Sanudo-Wilhelmy , S. A. , Olsen , K. A. , Scelfo , J. M. , Foster , T. D. and Flegal , A. R . 2002 . Trace metal distributions off the Antarctic Peninsula in the Weddell Sea . Mar Chem . 77 , 157 170 .
  78. Schroder , M. and Fahrbach , E . 1999 . On the structure and the transport of the eastern Weddell Gyre. Deep-Sea Res. 11 46 , 501 - 527 .
  79. Schuster , U. and Watson , A. J. 2007. A variable and decreasing sink for atmospheric CO2 in the North Atlantic. J. Geophys. Res . 112 , doi: 10.1029/2006JC003941 .
  80. Sedwick , P. N. and DiTullio , G. R . 1997 . Regulation of algal blooms in Antarctic shelf waters by the release of iron from melting sea ice . Geophys. Res. Lett . 24 , 2515 2518 .
  81. Shim , J. , Kang , Y. C. , Kim , D. and Choi , S.-H . 2006 . Distribution of net community production and surfacepCO2 in the Scotia Sea, Antarctica, during austral spring 2001 . Mar Chem . 101 , 68 84 .
  82. Sievers , H. A. and Nowlin , W. D . 1984 . The stratification and water masses at Drake Passage . J. Geophys. Res . 89 , 489 514 .
  83. Smith , W. O. and Nelson, D. M. 1985. Phytoplanlcton bloom produced by a receding ice edge in the Ross Sea-spatial coherence with the density field. Science 227 , 163 - 166 .
  84. Smith , W. O. and Nelson, D. M. 1986. Importance of ice edge phyto-plankton production in the Southern Ocean. Bioscience 36 , 251 - 257 .
  85. Stark , J. D. , Donlon , C. J. , Martin , M. J. and McCulloch , M. E. 2007. OSTIA: an operational, high resolution, real time, global sea surface temperature analysis system. In: Marine Challenges: Coastline to Deep Sea . Conference proceedings. Oceans '07 IEEE Aberdeen.
  86. Stoll , M. H. C. , de Baar , H. J. W. , Hoppema , M. and Fahrbach , E. 1999. New early winter fCO2 data reveal continuous uptake of CO2 by the Weddell Sea. Tellus 51B , 679 - 687 .
  87. Stoll , M. H. C. , Thomas , H. , de Baar , H. J. W. , Zondervan , I. , de Jong , E. and co-authors . 2002 . Biological versus physical processes as drivers of large oscillations of the air-sea CO2 flux in the Antarctic marginal ice zone during summer. Deep-Sea Res. 1 49 , 1651 - 1667 .
  88. Sweeney , C. , Smith , W O. , Hales , B. , Bidigare , R. R. , Carlson , C. A. and co-authors . 2000 . Nutrient and carbon removal ratios and fluxes in the Ross Sea, Antarctica. Deep-Sea Res. 11 47 , 3395 - 3421 .
  89. Takahashi , T. , Olafsson , J. , Goddard , J. G. , Chipman , D. W. and Suther-land , S. C . 1993 . Seasonal variation of CO2 and nutrients in the high latitude surface oceans-a comparative-Study . Global Biogeochem. Cycle 7 , 843 878 .
  90. Takahashi , T. , Sutherland , S. C. , Wanninlchof , R. , Sweeney , C. , Feely , R. A. and co-authors . 2009 . Climatological mean and decadal change in surface ocean pCO2, and net sea-air CO2 flux over the global oceans. Deep-Sea Res. 11 56 , 554 - 577 .
  91. Tynan , C. T . 1998 . Ecological importance of the Southern Boundary of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current . Nature 392 , 708 710 .
  92. Weiss , R. F. , Ostlund , H. G. and Craig , H . 1979 . Geochemical studies of the Weddell Sea . Deep-Sea Res . 26 , 1093 1120 .
  93. Whitehouse , M. J ., 1997 . Automated Seawater Nutrient Chemistry . British Antarctic Survey , Cambridge , 1 14 .
  94. Whitehouse , M. J. , Korb , R. E. , Atkinson , A. , Thorpe , S. E. and Gordon , M . 2008 . Formation, transport and decay of an intense phytoplankton bloom within the high-nutrient low-chlorophyll belt of the Southern Ocean . J. Mar Sys . 70 , 150 167 .
  95. Whitworth , T. and Nowlin , W. D . 1987 . Water masses and currents of the Southern Ocean at the Greenwich Meridian . J. Geophys. Res . 92 , 6462 6476 .
  96. Whitworth , T. , Nowlin , W. D. , Orsi , A. H. , Locarnini , R. A. and Smith , S. G . 1994 . Weddell Sea shelf water in the Bransfield Strait and Weddell-Scotia Confluence. Deep-Sea Res. 1 41 , 629 - 641 .
  97. Zeebe , R. E. and Wolf-Gladrow , D. A . 2001 . Equilibrium. In: CO2 in Seawater: Equilibrium, Kinetics, Isotopes (ed. D. Halpern ). Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1 - 83 .
Language: English
Page range: 621 - 635
Submitted on: Dec 18, 2009
Accepted on: Jul 8, 2010
Published on: Jan 1, 2010
Published by: Stockholm University Press
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services

© 2010 Elizabeth M. Jones, Dorothee C. E. Bakker, Hugh J. Venables, Michael J. Whitehouse, Rebecca E. Korb, Andrew J. Watson, published by Stockholm University Press
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.