Overview of the biosphere–aerosol–cloud–climate interactions (BACCI) studies

Markku Kulmala; Veli-Matti Kerminen; Ari Laaksonen; Ilona Riipinen; Mikko Sipilä; Taina M. Ruuskanen; Larisa Sogacheva; Pertti Hari; Jaana Bäck; Kari E. J. Lehtinen; Yrjö Viisanen; Merete Bilde; Birgitta Svenningsson; Mihalis Lazaridis; Kjetil Tørseth; Peter Tunved; E. Douglas Nilsson; Sara Pryor; Lise-Lotte Sørensen; Urmas Hõrrak; Paul M. Winkler; Erik Swietlicki; Marja-Liisa Riekkola; Radovan Krejci; Christopher Hoyle; Øystein Hov; Gunnar Myhre; Hans-Christen Hansson

doi:10.1111/j.1600-0889.2008.00354.x

Overview of the biosphere–aerosol–cloud–climate interactions (BACCI) studies

Tellus B: Chemical and Physical Meteorology

Volume 60 (2008): Issue 3

By: Markku Kulmala, Veli-Matti Kerminen, Ari Laaksonen, Ilona Riipinen, Mikko Sipilä, Taina M. Ruuskanen, Larisa Sogacheva, Pertti Hari, Jaana Bäck, Kari E. J. Lehtinen, Yrjö Viisanen, Merete Bilde, Birgitta Svenningsson, Mihalis Lazaridis, Kjetil Tørseth, Peter Tunved, E. Douglas Nilsson, Sara Pryor, Lise-Lotte Sørensen, Urmas Hõrrak, Paul M. Winkler, Erik Swietlicki, Marja-Liisa Riekkola, Radovan Krejci, Christopher Hoyle, Øystein Hov, Gunnar Myhre and Hans-Christen Hansson

Open Access

|Jan 2008

Abstract

Here we present research methods and results obtained by the Nordic Centre of Excellence Biosphere–Aerosol–Cloud– Climate Interactions (BACCI) between 1 January 2003 and 31 December 2007. The centre formed an integrated attempt to understand multiple, but interlinked, biosphere–atmosphere interactions applying inter and multidisciplinary approaches in a coherent manner. The main objective was to study the life cycle of aerosol particles and their importance on climate change. The foundation in BACCI was a thorough understanding of physical, meteorological, chemical and ecophysiological processes, providing a unique possibility to study biosphere–aerosol–cloud–climate interactions.

References

Allan , J. D. , Alfarra , M. R. , Bower , K. N. , Coe , H. , Jayne , J. T. and co-authors . 2006 . Size and composition measurements of backround aerosol and new particle growth in a Finnish forest during QUEST 2 using an Aerodyne Aerosol Mass Spectrometer. Atmos. Chem. Phys 6 , 315 - 327 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Back , J. , Hari , P. , Hakola , H. , Juurola , E. and Kulmala , M . 2005 . Monoterpene emissions in Pinus sylvestris are independent of pho-tosynthesis in spring. Boreal Environ. Res . 10 , 409 – 424 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Bellouin , N ., Boucher , O. , Tame , D. and Dubovik , O. 2003 . Aerosol absorption over the clear-sky oceans deduced from POLDER-1 and AERONET observations . Geophys. Res. Lett . 30 , 1748. doi: 10.1029/2003GL017121 .
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Berglen , T. E , Myhre , G. , Isaksen , I. S. A. , Vestreng , V. and Smith , S. J . 2007 . Sulphate trends in Europe: are we able to model the recent observed decrease? Tellus 59B , 773 – 786 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Berndt , T ., Boge , O. , Stratmann , E , Heintzenberg , J. and Kulmala , M . 2005 . Rapid formation of sulfuric acid particles at near-atmospheric conditions. Science 307 , 698 - 700 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Bilde , M. and Pandis , S. N . 2001 . Evaporation rates and vapor pressures of individual aerosol species formed in the atmospheric oxidation of a- and b-pinene . Environ. Sci. Technol . 35 , 3344 – 3349 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Bilde , M. Svenningsson , B. , Monster , J. and Rosenorn , T. 2003 . Even-odd alternation of the C3-C9 dicarboxylic acids. Environ. Sci. Technol . 37 , 1371 - 1378 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Boy , M ., Hellmuth , O. , Korhonen , H. , Nilsson , E. D. , ReVelle , D. and co-authors . 2006 . MALTE — Model to predict new aerosol formation in the lower troposphere. Atmos. Chem. Phys . 6 , 4499 - 4517 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Brasseur , G. P. and Roeckner , E ., 2005 . Impact of improved air quality on the future evolution of climate. Geophys. Res. Lett 32 , doi: 10.1029/2005GL023902 .
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Cappa , C. D. , Lovejoy , E. R. and Ravishankara , A. R.J . 2007 . Determination of evaporation rates and vapor pressures of very low volatility compounds: a study of the C4-C10 and C12 dicarboxylic acids . Phys. Chem. A . 111 , 3099 – 3109 , doi: 10.1021/jp068686qS1089-5639(06)08686-5 .
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Charlson , R. J. , Seinfeld , J. H. , Nenes , A. , Kulmala , M. , Laaksonen , A. and co-authors . 2001 . Atmospheric science - reshaping the theory of cloud formation. Science 292 ( 5524 ), 2025-2026 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Chung , C. E. , Ramanathan , V. , Kim , D. and Podgomy , I. A . 2005 . Global anthropogenic aerosol direct forcing derived from satel-lite and ground-based observations . J. Geophys. Res . 110 , D24207 , doi: 10.1029/2005JD006356 .
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Crosier , J. , Allan , J. D. , Coe , H. , Bower , K. N. , Formenti , P. , and co-authors . 2007 . Chemical composition of summertime aerosol in the Po Valley (Italy), northern Adriatic and Black Sea. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc . 133 ,61-75.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Dal Maso , M. , Kulmala , M. , Riipinen , I. , Wagner , R. , Hussein , T. and co-authors . 2005 . Formation and growth of fresh atmospheric aerosols: eight years of aerosol size distribution data from SMEAR II, Hyytiälä, Finland. Boreal Environ. Res . 10 , 323 - 336 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Dal Maso , M. , Sogacheva , L. , Aalto , P. P. , Riipinen , I. , Komppula , M. and co-authors . 2007 . Aerosol size distribution measurements at four Nordic field stations: identification, analysis and trajectory analysis of the new particle formation bursts. Tellus B 59 (3) , 350 - 361 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Facchini , M. C. , Mircea , M. , Fuzzi , S. and Charlson R. J . 1999 . Cloud albedo enhancement by surface-active organic solutes in growing droplets . Nature , 401 , 257 – 259 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Forster , P. , Ramaswamy , V. , Artaxo , P. , Bemtsen , T. , Betts , R. and co-authors . 2007 . Changes in atmospheric constituents and in radiative forcing. In: Climate change 2007: The physical science basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergonmental Panel on Climate Change (eds. S . Solomon , D Qin , M . Manning , Z . Chen , M. Marquis , K. B. Averyt , M . Tignor and H. L. Miller ) Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Fuentes , J. D ., Lerdau , M. , Atkinson , R. , Baldocchi , D. , Bottenheim , J. W. and co-authors . 2000 . Biogenic hydrocarbons in the atmospheric boundary layer: a review. Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc . 81 , 1537 - 1575 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Gelencser , A. , May , B. , Simpson , D. , Sanchez-Ochoa , A. , Kasper-Giebl , A. and co-authors . 2007 . Source apportionment of PM2.5 or-ganic aerosol over Europe: Primary/secondary, natural/anthropogenic, and fossil/biogenic origin. J. Geophys. Res . 112 , D23504, doi: 10.1029/2006JD008094 .
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Ghan , S. J. and Schwartz , S. E . 2007 . Aerosol properties and processes. A path from field and laboratory measurements to global climate models. Bull. Am. Meterol. Soc . 88 , 1059 – 1083 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Gibbard , S. , Caldeira , K. , Bala , G. , Phillips , T. J. and Wickett , M . 2005 . Climate effects of global land cover change. Geophys. Res. Lett . 32 , L23705 , doi: 10.1029/2005GL024550 .
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Grace , J. and Rayment , M . 2000 . Respiration in the balance. Nature 404 , 819 – 820 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Grini , A. , Korhonen , H. , Lehtinen , K. E. J. , Isaksen , I. and Kulmala , M . 2005 . A combined photochemistry/aerosol dynamics model: model development and a study of new particle formation. Boreal Environ. Res . 10 , 525 – 541 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Gu , L. , Baldocchi , D. , Verma , S. B. , Black , T. A. , Vesala , T. and co-authors . 2002 . Advantages of diffuse radiation for terrestrial ecosystem productivity. J. Geophys. Res ., 107(D6), doi: 10.1029/2001JD001242 .
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Hand , J. L. and Maim , W. C . 2007 . Review of aerosol mass scattering efficiencies from ground-based measurements since 1990. J. Geophys. Res . 112 , D16203 , doi: 10.1029/2007JD008484 .
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Hari , P. and Kulmala , M . 2005 . Station for measuring ecosystems - atmosphere relations (SMEAR II) . Boreal Environ. Res . 10 , 315 - 322 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Hari , P . and Mäkeld , A. 2003 . Annual pattern of photosynthesis in Scots pine in boreal zone . Tree Physiol . 23 , 145 – 155 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Hari , P. , Raivonen , M. , Vesala , T. , Munger , J. V. , Pilegaard , K. and co-authors . 2003 . Ultraviolet light and leaf emission of NOR. Nature 422 , 134 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Hirsikko , A. , Laakso , L. , Hörrak , U. , Aalto , P. P. , Kerminen , V.-M. and co-authors . 2005 . Annual and size dependent variation of growth rates and ion concentrations in boreal forest. Boreal Environ. Res . 10 , 357 - 369 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Hoyle , C. R. , Bemtsen , T. K. , Myhre , G. and Isaksen , I . S.A . 2007 . Secondary organic aerosol in the global aerosol- chemistry transport model Os1oCTM2. Atmos. Chem. Phys . 7 , 5675 – 5694 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Hussein , T. , Korhonen , H. , Herrmann , E. , Hämeri , K ., Lehtinen , K. E. J. and co-authors . 2005 . Emission rates due to indoor activities: indoor aerosol model development, evaluation, and applications. Aerosol Sci. Technol . 39 , 1111 - 1127 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Hörrak , U. , Tammet H. , Aalto , P. P. and Kulmala , M . 2004 . On the charge distribution on nanometer aerosol particles in the atmosphere during nucleation burst events at boreal forest. Report Series in Aerosol Science , Volume 68 , Helsinki, Finland , 94 - 99 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
IPCC , 2001 . The Scientific Basis. A report of Working Group I of the Intergovernmental panel on climate change. in: Climate Change 2001 . Contribution of Working Group I to the Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (eds. J. T. Houghton , Y. Ding , D. J. Griggs , M. Noguer , P. J. van de Linden and D . Xiaosu ) Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, USA, 881 pp .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
IPCC . 2007 . The Scientific Basis. A report of Working Group I of the In-tergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. In: Climate Change 2007 : The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. (eds. S . Solomon , D . Qin , M . Manning , Z . Chen , M . Marquis , K. B . Averyt , M . Tignor and H. L. Miller ). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Joutsensaari , J. , Loivamäki , M. , Vuorinen , T. , Miettinen , P. , Nerg , A.-M. and co-authors . 2005 . Nanoparticle formation by ozonol-ysis of inducible plant volatiles. Atmos. Chem. Phys . 5 , 1489-149 5 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Kaufman , Y. J. , Tanre , D. and Boucher , O . 2002 . A satellite view of aerosols in the climate system. Nature 419 , 215 - 223 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Kaufman , Y. J. , Koren , I. , Remer , L. A. , Rosenfeld , D. and Rudich , Y . 2005 . The effect of smoke, dust, and pollution aerosol on shallow cloud development over the Atlantic Ocean. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 102 (32) , 11 207 - 11 212 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Keppler , E , Hamilton , J. G.T. , Brass , M. and Röckmann , T . 2006 . Methane emissions from terrestrial plants under aerobic conditions. Nature 439 , 187 – 191 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Kerminen , V.-M. , Anttila , T ., Lehtinen , K. E.J. and Kulmala , M. 2004 . Parameterization for atmospheric new-particle formation: application to a system involving sulfuric acid and condensable water-soluble organic vapors. Aerosol Sci. Technol . 38 , 1001 - 1008 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Kerminen , V.-M. , Lihavainen , H. , Komppula , M. , Viisanen , Y. and Kul-mala , M . 2005 . Direct observational evidence linking atmospheric aerosol formation and cloud droplet activation. Geophys. Res. Lett . 32 , L14803 , doi: 10.1029/2005GL023130 .
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Kinne , S. , Schulz , M. , Textor , C. , Guibert , S. , Balkanski , Y. and co-authors . 2006 . An AeroCom initial assessment - optical properties in aerosol component modules of global models. Atmos. Chem. Phys 6 , 1815– 1834 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Kokkola , H. , Sorjamaa , R. , Peräniemi , A. , Raatikainen , T. , Laaksonen , A . 2006 . Cloud formation of particles containing humic-like substances. Geophys. Res. Lett . 33 , L10816 , doi: 10.1029/2006GL026107 .
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Kokkola , H. , Korhonen , H. , Lehtinen , K. E. J. , Makkonen , R. , Asmi , A. and co-authors . 2007 . SALSA - a sectional aerosol model for large scale applications. Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss . 7 , 17 705 - 17 739 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Komppula , M. , Lihavainen , H. , Kerminen , V.-M. , Kulmala , M. and Vi-isanen , Y . 2005 . Measurements of cloud droplet activation of aerosol particles at a clean subarctic background site. J. Geophys. Res . 110 , D06204 , doi: 10.1029/2004J1)005200 .
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Koponen , I. K. , Riipinen , I. , Gaman , A. , Kulmala , M . and Bilde , M . 2007 . Thermodynamic properties of succinic, glutaric and malonic acids: evaporation rates and vapor pressures. Environ. Sci. Technol . 41 , 3926 - 3933 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Koren , I. , Kaufman , Y. J. , Rosenfeld , D. , Remer , L. A. and Rudich , Y . 2005 . Aerosol invigoration and restructuring of Atlantic convective clouds. Geophys. Res. Lett . 32 , L14828, doi: 10.1029/2005GL023187 .
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Korhonen , H. , Lehtinen , K. E. J . and Kulmala , M . 2004 . Aerosol dynamic model UHMA: model development and validation. Atmos. Chem. Phys . 4 , 757 - 771 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Korhonen , H. , Kerminen , V.-M. , Lehtinen , K. E. J . and Kulmala , M . 2005 . CCN activation and cloud processing in sectional aerosol mod-els with low size resolution. Atmos. Chem. Phys . 5 , 2561 - 2570 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Krejci , R. , Strom , J. , de Reus , M. , Williams , J. , Fischer , H . and co-authors . 2005 . Spatial and temporal distribution of the atmospheric aerosols in the lowermost troposphere over the Amazonian tropi-cal rainforest. Atmos. Chem. Phys . 5 , 1527 - 1543 , SRef-ID: 1680-7324/acp/2005-5-1527 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Kulmala , M . 2003 . How particles nucleate and grow. Science 302 , 1000 – 1001 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Kulmala , M. and Tammet , H . ( 2007 ) Finnish-Estonian air ion and aerosol workshops. Boreal Env. Res . 12 , 237 – 245 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Kulmala , M. , Laaksonen , A. , Charlson , R. J. and Korhonen , P . 1997 . Clouds without supersaturation. Nature 388 , 336 - 337 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Kulmala , M , Toivonen , A ., Maelä , J. M . and Laaksonen , A. , 1998 . Analysis of the growth of nucleation mode observed in Boreal forest. Tellus 50B , 449 - 462 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Kulmala , M. , Pirjola , L. and Mäkelä , J. M . 2000 . Stable sulphate clusters as a source of new atmospheric particles. Nature 404 , 66 - 69 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Kulmala , M. , Hämeri , K. , Aalto , P. P ., Mäkelä , J. M. , Pirjola , L . and co-authors . 2001 . Overview of the international project on Biogenic aerosol formation in the boreal forest (BIOFOR). Tellus 53B , 324 - 343 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Kulmala , M ., Vehkamäki , H. , Petäjä , T. , Dal Maso , M. , Lauri , A. , 2004a . Formation and growth rates of ultrafine atmospheric particles: a review of observations. J. Aerosol Sci . 35 , 143 - 176 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Kulmala , M. , Suni , T. , Lehtinen , K. E.J. , Dal Maso , M. , Boy , M . 2004b . A new feedback mechanism linking forests, aerosols and climate. Atmos. Chem. Phys . 4 , 557 - 562 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Kulmala , M. , Laakso , L. , Lehtinen , K. E. J. , Riipinen , I. , Dal Maso , M . and co-authors 2004c . Initial steps of aerosol growth. Atmos. Chem. Phys . 4 , 2553 - 2560 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Kulmala , M. , Lehtinen , K. E. J. , Laakso , L. , Mordas , G . and Hämeri , K. 2005a . On the existence of neutral atmospheric clusters. Boreal Environ. Res . 10 , 79 - 87 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Kulmala , M. , Hari , P ., Laaksonen , A. , Vesala , T . and Viisanen , Y . 2005b . Research unit of physics, chemistry and biology of atmospheric com-position and climate change: overview of recent results. Boreal Envi-ron. Res . 10 , 459 - 477 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Kulmala , M ., Petäjä , T. , Monkkonen , P. , Koponen , I. K. , Dal Maso , M . and co-authors . 2005c . On the growth of nucleation mode particles: source rates of condensable vapour in polluted and clean environ-ments. Atmos. Chem. Phys . S,409-416.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Kulmala , M. , Lehtinen , K. E. J. and Laaksonen , A . 2006 . Cluster ac-tivation theory as an explanation of the linear dependence between formation rate of 3 nm particles and sulphuric acid concentration. Atmos. Chem. Phys . 6 , 787 - 793 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Kulmala , M. , Riipinen , I. , Sipilä , M. , Manninen , H. , Petäjä , T. and co-authors. 2007a. Towards direct measurement of atmospheric nucle-ation. Science 318 , 89-92, doi: 10.1126/science.1144124 .
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Kulmala , M. , Mordas , G ., Petäjä , T. , Grönholm , T. , Aalto , P. P. and co-authors 2007b. The condensation particle counter battery (CPCB): a new tool to investigate the activation properties of nanoparticles. J. Aerosol Sci . 38 , 289 - 304 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Kurten , T. , Torpo , L. , Ding , C.-G. , Vehkamäki , H. , Sundberg , M. R. and co-authors . 2007a . A density functional study on water-sulfuric-acid-ammonia clusters and implications for atmospheric cluster formation. J. Geophys. Res . 112 , D04210.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Kurten , T. , Torpo , L. , Sundberg , M. R. , Kerminen , V.-M. , Vehkamäki , H. and co-authors . 2007 b. Estimation of the NH3 :H2504 ratio of nu-cleating clusters in atmospheric conditions using quantum chemical methods. Atmos. Chem. Phys . 7 , 2765 - 2773 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Kurten , T. , Noppel , M. , Vehkamai , H. , Salonen , M. and Kulmala , M . 2007c . Quantum chemical studies of hydrate formation of H2 SO4 and H504-. Boreal Env. Res . 12, 431 – 453 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Kvalevag , M. M. and Myhre , G . 2007 . Human impact on direct and diffuse solar radiation during the industrial era. J. Climate 20 , 4874 – 4883 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Laakso , L. , Petäjä , T. , Lehtinen , K. E. J. , Paatero , J. , Kulmala , M . and co-authors . 2004a . Ion production rate in a boreal forest based on ion, particle and radiation measurements. Atmos. Chem. Phys 4 , 1933– 1943 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Laakso , L. , Anttila , T. , Lehtinen , K. E. J. , Aalto , P. P. , Kulmala , M . and co-authors. 2004b . Kinetic nucleation and ions in boreal particle formation events. Atmos. Chem. Phys . 4 , 2353 - 2366 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Laaksonen , A. , Hamed , A. , Joutsensaari , J. , Hiltunen , L. , Cavalli , E and co-authors 2005 . Cloud condensation nucleus production from nucleation events at a highly polluted region. Geophys. Res. Lett . 32 , L06812, doi: 10.1029/2004GL022092 .
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Laaksonen , A. , Kulmala , M. , O'Dowd , C. D. , Joutsensaari , J. , Vaatto-vaara , P. and co-authors . 2007 . The role of VOC oxidation products in continental new particle formation. Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss . 7 , 8141 - 8158 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Lehtinen , K. E. J. , Dal Maso , M. , Kulmala , M . and Kerminen , V.-M. 2007 . Estimating nucleation rates from apparent particle formation rates and vice-versa: revised formulation of the Kerminen-Kulmala equation. J. Aerosol Sci . 38 , 988 - 994 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Liepert , B. G . 2002 . Observed reductions of surface solar radiation at sites in the United States and worldwide from 1961 to 1990. Geophys. Res. Lett . 29(10), doi: 10.1029/2002GL014910 .
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Lihavainen , H. , Kerminen , V.-M. , Komppula , M. , Hatakka , J. , Aaltonen , V . and co-authors . 2003 . Production of “potential” cloud condensa-tion nuclei associated with atmospheric new-particle formation in northern Finland./. Geophys. Res . 108(D24), 4782.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Lohmann , U. and Feichter , J. 2005 . Global indirect aerosol effects: a review. Atmos. Chem. Phys . 5 , 715 - 737 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Magnani , E , Mencuccini , M. , Borghetti , M. , Berbigier , P ., Beminger , E and co-authors . 2007 . The human footprint in the carbon cy-cle of temperate and boreal forests. Nature 447 (7146), 848-852, doi: 10.1038/nature05847 .
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Merikanto , J. , Vehkamai , H . and Zapadinsky , E . 2004 . Monte Carlo simulations of critical cluster sizes and nucleation rates for water. J. Chem. Phys . 121 , 914 - 924 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Merikanto , J. , Napari , I. , Vehkamäki , H. , Anttila , T . and Kulmala , M . 2007 . New parameterization of sulfuric acid-ammonia-water ternary nucleation rates at tropospheric conditions. J. Geophys. Res . 112 , D15207.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Metzger , S. , Dentener , E , Pandis , S. and Lelieveld , J. 2002 . Gas/aerosol partitioning: 1. A computationally efficient model. J. Geophys. Res . 107 (D16), doi: 10.1029/2001JD00102 .
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Metzger , S. , Mihalopoulos , N. and Lelieveld , J. 2006 . Importance of mineral cations and organics in gas-aerosol partitioning of reactive nitrogen compounds: case study based on MINOS results. Atmos. Chem. Phys . 6 , 2549 - 2567 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Mirme , A. , Tamm , E. , Mordas , G. , Vana , M. , Uin , J. and co-authors. 2007 . A wide range multi-channel air ion spectrometer. Boreal Env. Res . 12 , 247 - 264 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Mönkkönen , P. , Koponen , I. K. , Lehtinen , K. E. J , Hämeri , K. , Uma , R . and co-authors . 2005 . Measurements in a highly polluted Asian mega city: Observations of aerosol number size distribution, modal parameters and nucleation events. Atmos. Chem. Phys . 5 , 57 - 66 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Myhre , G. , Stordal , E , Johnsrud , M. , Ignatov , A. , Mischenko , M. I. and co-authors . 2004 . Intercomparison of satellite retrieved aerosol optical depth over the ocean. J. Atmos. Sci . 61 , 499 - 513 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Myhre , G. , Stordal , E , Johnsrud , M. , Diner , D. J. , Geogdzhayev , I. V. and co-authors . 2005 . Intercomparison of satellite retrieved aerosol optical depth over ocean during the period September 1997 to December 2000. Atmos. Chem. Phys . 5 , 1697– 1719 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Myhre , G. , Grini , A. and Metzger , S . 2006 . Modelling of nitrate and ammonium-containing aerosols in presence of sea salt. Atmos. Chem. Phys . 6, 4809 – 4821 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Myhre , G. , Bellouin , N. , Berglen , T. E , Bemtsen , T. K. , Boucher , O. , and co-authors . 2007a . Comparison of the radiative properties and direct radiative effect of aerosols from a global aerosol model and remote sensing data over ocean. Tellus 59B, 115 - 129 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Myhre , G. , Stordal , E , Johnsrud , M ., Kaufman , Y J. , Rosenfeld , D . and co-authors . 2007b . Aerosol-cloud interaction inferred from MODIS satellite data and global aerosol models. Atmos. Chem. Phys . 7 ,3081-3101.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Nenes , A. , Charlson R. J. , Facchini , M. C. , Kulmala , M. , Laakso-nen , A. and co-authors . 2002 . Can chemical effects on cloud droplet number rival the first indirect effect? Geophys. Res. Lett . 29 , 1848, doi: 10.1029/2002GL015295 .
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
O'Dowd , C. D. , Aalto , P. P. , Hämeri , K. , Kulmala , M . and Hoffmann , T . 2002a . Aerosol formation: atmospheric particles from organic vapours. Nature 416 , 497 - 498 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
O'Dowd , C. D. , Jimenez , J. L. , Bahreini , R. , Flagan , R. C. , Seinfeld , J. H. and co-authors . 2002b . Marine aerosol formation from biogenic iodide emissions. Nature 417 , 632 - 636 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
O'Dowd , C. D. , Jimenez , J. L. , Bahreini , R. , Flagan , R. C. , Seinfeld , J. H. and co-authors 2005 . Marine aerosols and iodine emissions (Reply). Nature 433 , E13—E14 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Pope , C. A., BI and Dockery , D. W. 2006 . Health effects of fine particu-late air pollution: lines that connect. J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc . 56 , 709 - 742 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Pryor , S. C . 2006 . Size resolved particle deposition velocities of sub-100 nm diameter particles over a forest. Atmos. Environ . 40 , 6192 – 6200 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Pryor , S. C. , Larsen , S. E. , Sorensen , L. L. , Barthelmie , R. J. 2007a . Parti-cle fluxes above forests: observations, methodological considerations and method comparisons. Env. Pollut . 152 , 667 - 678 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Pryor , S. C. , Larsen , S. E. , Sorensen , L. L. , Barthelmie , R. J. , Grönholm , T. and co-authors. 2007b . Particle fluxes over forests: analyses of flux methods and functional dependencies. J. Geophys. Res . 112 , D07205, doi: 10.07210.01029/02006JD008066 .
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Pryor , S. C. , Gallagher , M. , Sievering , H. , Larsen , S. , Barthelmie , R. J. , and co-authors 2008. A review of measurement and modelling tools for quantifying particle atmosphere-surface exchange. Tellus 60B, 42 - 75 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Quinn , P. K. and Bates , T. S . 2005 . Regional aerosol properties: Com-parisons of boundary layer measurements from ACE 1, ACE 2, aerosols99, INDOEX, ACE asia, TARFOX, and NEAQS./. Geophys. Res . 110 , D14202 , doi: 10.1029/2004JD004755 .
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Riipinen , I. , Svenningsson , B. , Bilde , M . Gaman , A. , Lehtinen , K. E. J. and co-authors . 2006 . A method for determining thermophysical properties of organic material in aqueous solutions: succinic acid. Atmos. Res . 82 , 579 - 590 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Riipinen , I. , Sihto , S.-L. , Kulmala , M. , Arnold , E , Dal Maso , M . and co-authors . 2007a . Connections between atmospheric sulphuric acid and new particle formation during QUEST BI - IV campaigns in Hyytiälä and Heidelberg. Atmos. Chem. Phys . 7 , 1899-1914, SRef-ID: 1680-7324/acp/2007-7-1899.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Riipinen , I. , Koponen , I . K., Frank , G. P. , Hyvärinen , A. P. , Vanhanen , J. and co-authors . 2007b . Adipic and malonic acid aqueous solutions: surface tensions and saturation vapor pressures. J. Phys. Chem. A . 111(50), 12995-13 002. doi: 10.1021/jp073731v .
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Rissler , J. , Vestin , A. , Swietlicki , E. , Fisch , G. , Zhou , J. and co-authors . 2006 . Size distribution and hygroscopic properties of aerosol particles from dry-season biomass burning in Amazonia. Atmos. Chem. Phys . 6 ,471-491.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Romakkaniemi , S. , Kokkola , H. and Laaksonen , A . 2005a . Parameteri-zation of the nitric acid effect on CCN activation. Atmos. Chem. Phys . 5 , 879 – 885 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Romakkaniemi , S. , Kokkola , H. and Laaksonen , A . 2005b . Soluble trace gas effect on cloud condensation nuclei activation: influence of initial equilibration on cloud model results. J. Geophys. Res . 110 , doi: 10.1029/2004JD005364 .
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Schulz , M. , Textor , C. , Kinne , S. , Balkanski , Y. , Bauer , S. and co-authors . 2006 . Radiative forcing by aerosols as derived from the AeroCom present-day and pre-industrial simulations. Atmos. Chem. Phys . 6 , 5225 - 5246 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Shindell , D. T. , Faluvegi , G. , Bauer , S. E. , Koch , D. M. , Unger , N. and co-authors . 2007 . Climate response to projected changes in short-lived species under an AlB scenario from 2000-2050 in the GISS climate model. J. Geophys. Res . 112 , D20103, doi: 10.1029/2007JDO08753 .
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Sihto , S.-L. , Kulmala , M. , Kerminen , V.-M. , Dal Maso , M. , Petäjä , T. and co-authors . 2006 . Atmospheric sulphuric acid and aerosol formation: implications from atmospheric measurements for nucleation and early growth mechanisms . Atmos. Chem. Phys . 6 , 4079 - 4091 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Slinn , W . 1982 . Predictions for particle deposition to vegetative canopies. Atmos. Environ , 16 , 1785 – 1794 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Smith , J. N. , Moore K. E , Esiele , E L. , Ghimire , A. K. , Sakurai , H. and co-authors . 2005 . Chemical composition of atmospheric nanoparticles during nucleation events in Atlanta. J. Geophys. Res . 110 , D22503, doi: 10.1029/2005JD005912 .
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Sogacheva L. , Dal Maso M. , Kerminen V.-M. and Kulmala M . 2005 . Probability of nucleation events and aerosol particle concentration in different air mass types arriving at Hyytiälä, southern Finalnd, based on back trajectory analysis. Boreal Environ. Res . 10, 479 – 491 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Sorjamaa , R. and Laaksonen , A . 2006 . The influence of surfactant prop-erties on critical supersaturations of cloud condensation nuclei. J. Aerosol Sci . 37 , 1730 – 1736 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Sorjamaa , R. , Svenningson , B. , Raatikainen , T. , Henning , S. , Bilde , M . and co-authors . 2004 . The role of surfactants in Kohler theory recon-sidered. Atmos. Chem. Phys . 4 , 2107 - 2117 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Spracklen , D. V. , Carslaw , K. S. , Kulmala , M. , Kerminen , V.-M. , Mann , G. W. and co-authors . 2006 . The contribution of boundary layer nu-cleation events to total particle concentrations on regional and global scales. Atmos. Chem. Phys . 6 , 5631 - 5648 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Stanhill , G. and Cohen , S . 2001 . Global dimming: a review of the evi-dence for a widespread and significant reduction in global radiation with discussion of its probable causes and possible agricultural con-sequences. Agri.l Forest Meteorol . 107 , 255 – 278 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Stier , P ., Feichter , J. , Roeckner , E. , Kloster , S . and Esch , M . 2006 . The evolution of the global aerosol system in a transient climate simulation from 1860 to 2100. Atmos. Chem. Phys . 6 ,3059-3076.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Svenningsson , B. , Rissler , J. , Swietlicki , E. , Mircea , M. , Bilde , M . and co-authors . 2006 . Hygroscopic growth and critical supersaturations for mixed particles of inorganic and organic compounds of atmospheric relevance. Atmos. Chem. Phys . 6 , 1937– 1952 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Swietlicki , E. , Hansson , H.-C. , Hämeri , K. , Massling , A. , Petäjä , T. and co-authors . 2008 . Hygroscopic properties of sub-micrometer at-mospheric aerosol particles measured with h-tdma instruments in various environments — a review. Tellus 60B, doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0889.2008.00350.x .
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Textor , C. , Schulz , M. , Guibert , S. , Kinne , S ., Balkanski , Y and co-authors . 2006 . Analysis and quantification of the diversities of aerosol life cycles within AeroCom. Atmos. Chem. Phys . 6 , 1777– 1813
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Textor , C. , Schulz , M. , Guibert , S. , Kinne , S. , Balkanski , Y. and co-authors . 2007 . The effect of harmonized emissions on aerosol proper-ties in global models — an AeroCom experiment. Atmos. Chem. Phys . 7 ,4489-4501.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Tunved , P. , Strom , J . and Hansson , H. C . 2004a . An investigation of processes controlling the evolution of the boundary layer aerosol size distribution properties at the Swedish background station Aspvreten. Atmos. Chem. Phys . 4 ,2581-2592.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Tunved , P. , Korhonen , H. , Strom , J. , Hansson , H-C. , Lehtinen , K. E. J. and co-authors. 2004b . A pseudo-Lagrangian model study of the size distribution properties over Scandinavia: transport from Aspvreten to Irani& Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss . 4 , 7757 - 7794 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Tunved , P. , Hansson , H. C. , Kerminen , V.-M. , Strom , J. , Dal Maso , M . and co-authors . 2006a . High natural aerosol loading over boreal forests. Science 312,261-263.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Tunved , P. , Korhonen , H. , Strom , J. , Hansson , H-C. , Lehtinen , K. E. J. and co-authors . 2006b . Is nucleation capable of explaining observed aerosol integral number increase during southerly transport over Scan-dinavia? Tellus 58B, 129 - 140 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Valentini , R. , Matteucci , G. , Dolman , A. J. , Schulze , E.-D. , Rebmann , C . and co-authors . 2000 . Respiration as the main determinant of carbon balance in European forests. Nature 404 , 861 - 865 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Vana , M. , Tamm , E. , Hörrak , U. , Mirme , A. , Tammet , H. and co-authors . 2006 . Charging state of atmospheric nanoparticles during the nucle-ation burst events. Atmos. Res . 82 , 536 - 546 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Vestreng , V. , Myhre , G. , Fagerli , H. , Reis , S. and Tarrason , L . 2007 . Twenty-five years of continuous sulphur dioxide emission reduction in Europe. Atmos. Chem. Phys . 7 , 3663 – 3681 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Wild , M. , Gilgen , H. , Roesch , A. , Ohmura , A. , Long , C. N. and co-authors . 2005 . From dimming to brightening: Decadal changes in solar radiation at Earth's surface. Science 308 , 847 - 850 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Winkler , P. M. , Vrtala , A. , Wagner , P. E. , Kulmala , M. , Lehtinen , K. E. J. and co-authors. 2004 . Mass and thermal accommodation during gas-liquid condensation of water. Phys. Rev. Lett . 93(7), doi: 10.1103/physRevLett.93.075701 .
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Zardini , A. A. , Krieger , U. K. and Marcolli , C ., 2006 . White light Mie resonance spectroscopy used to measure very low vapor pressures of substances in aqueous solution aerosol particles. Optics Express 14 , 6951 – 6962 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article

Articles in this issue

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0889.2008.00354.x | Journal eISSN: 1600-0889

Journal RSS Feed

Language: English

Page range: 300 - 317

Submitted on: Nov 30, 2007

Accepted on: Mar 6, 2008

Published on: Jan 1, 2008

Published by: Stockholm University Press

In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services

© 2008 Markku Kulmala, Veli-Matti Kerminen, Ari Laaksonen, Ilona Riipinen, Mikko Sipilä, Taina M. Ruuskanen, Larisa Sogacheva, Pertti Hari, Jaana Bäck, Kari E. J. Lehtinen, Yrjö Viisanen, Merete Bilde, Birgitta Svenningsson, Mihalis Lazaridis, Kjetil Tørseth, Peter Tunved, E. Douglas Nilsson, Sara Pryor, Lise-Lotte Sørensen, Urmas Hõrrak, Paul M. Winkler, Erik Swietlicki, Marja-Liisa Riekkola, Radovan Krejci, Christopher Hoyle, Øystein Hov, Gunnar Myhre, Hans-Christen Hansson, published by Stockholm University Press
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.

Volume 60 (2008): Issue 3