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Springtime influences of Asian outflow and photochemistry on the distributions of diacids, oxoacids and α-dicarbonyls in the aerosols from the western North Pacific Rim Cover

Springtime influences of Asian outflow and photochemistry on the distributions of diacids, oxoacids and α-dicarbonyls in the aerosols from the western North Pacific Rim

Tellus B: Chemical and Physical Meteorology
Volume 69 (2017): Issue 1
By: ,   and    
Open Access
|Jan 2017
Figures & tables

Figures & Tables

Fig. 1.

A map of East Asia with sampling location of Cape Hedo, Okinawa, Japan.

Fig. 2.

Plots of 5-day backward air mass trajectories (BT) (a) daytime, (b) night-time, (c) early morning, (d) late morning, (e) early afternoon and (f) late afternoon arriving in Cape Hedo at 500 m above the ground level (AGL) during the study periods.

Fig. 3.

Temporal variations in the concentration of (a) Total diacids (b) oxalic acid (C2), (c) malonic acid (C3), (d) succinic acid (C4), (e) adipic acid (C6), (f) pimelic acid (C7), (g) azelaic acid (C9), (h) phthalic acid, (i) terephthalic acid (tPh), (j) maleic acid (M), and (k) fumaric acid (F) in the ambient aerosols from Cape Hedo, Okinawa in spring 2007.

Table 1.

Concentrations of diacids, oxoacids, benzoic acid and α-dicarbonyls in the TSP samples collected from Okinawa in spring, 2007.

Concentrations (ng m−3)SpeciesRangeAV ± SDDiacidsOxalic (C2)22–574231 ± 123Malonic (C3)2.9–11241 ± 25Succinic (C4)4.2–9232 ± 23Glutaric (C5)1.1–276.0 ± 5.1Adipic (C6)0.44–112.8 ± 2.2Pimelic (C7)0.00–7.30.77 ± 1.1Suberic (C8)0.00–3.30.34 ± 0.52Azelaic acid (C9)0.00–5.72.0 ± 1.1Methylmalonic (iC4)0.03–4.31.1 ± 0.78Methylsuccinic (iC5)0.41–7.42.4 ± 1.62-Methylglutaric (iC6)0.00–1.70.43 ± 0.42Maleic (M)0.26–8.92.1 ± 1.9Fumaric (F)0.35–111.8 ± 2Methylmaleic (mM)0.00–7.21.2 ± 1.5Phthalic acid (Ph)0.42–367.0 ± 7.8Isophthalic (iPh)0.02–5.40.93 ± 1.1Terephthalic (tPh)0.09–142.2 ± 2.7Malic (hC4)0.02–9.51.4 ± 1.7Oxomalonic (kC3)0.04–325.8 ± 6.34-Oxopimelic (kC7)0.3–143.1 ± 2.7Oxoacids Glyoxylic (ωC2)2.0–9826 ± 203-Oxopropanoic (ωC3)0.00–0.780.08 ± 0.144-Oxobutanoic (ωC4)0.00–7.22.0 ± 2.09-Oxononanoic(ωC9)0.23–6.52.3 ± 1.5Pyruvic (Pyr)0.53–526.0 ± 8.5Aromatic monoacidBenzoic acid (Bz)3.2–5318 ± 9.0α-DicarbonylsGlyoxal (Gly)0.59–174.1 ± 3.7MeGly (MeGly)0.49–414.8 ± 6.5
Fig. 4.

Temporal variations in the concentration of (a) glyoxylic acid (ωC2), (b) 3-oxopropanoic acid (ωC3), (c) 4-oxobutanoic acid (ωC4), (d) 9-oxononanoic acid (ωC9), (e) pyruvic acid (Pyr), (f) methylglyoxal (MeGly), (g) glyoxal (Gly) and (h) benzoic acid (Bez) in the ambient aerosols from Cape Hedo, Okinawa in spring 2007.

Fig. 5.

Diurnal variations in the concentration of (a) oxalic acid (C2), (b) malonic acid (C3), (c) succinic acid (C4), (d) adipic acid (C6), (e) azelaic acid (C9), (f) maleic acid (M), (g) fumaric acid (F), (h) phthalic acid (Ph), (i) terephthalic acid (tPh), (j) glyoxylic acid (ωC2), (k) 4-oxobutanoic acid (ωC4), (l) 9-oxononoic acid (ωC9), (m) pyruvic acid (Pyr), (n) methylglyoxal (Gly), (o) glyoxal (MeGly) and (p) benzoic acid (Bez) in the ambient aerosols collected at Cape Hedo, Okinawa in spring 2007.

Fig. 6.

Spring time average relative abundance (%) of diacid species in total diacids in aerosols collected at Cape Hedo in 2007.

Fig. 7.

Schematic diagram of atmospheric aging of selected diacids, oxoacids and α-dicarbonyls at Cape Hedo, Okinawa in the western North Pacific Rim.

Fig. 8.

Temporal variations in the relative abundances of (a) C2/total diacids and C4/total diacids (b) diurnal variations in the relative abundances of C2/total diacids and C4/total diacids in the ambient aerosols collected at Cape Hedo, Okinawa. Colours indicate similar as other figures.

Fig. 9.

Scatter plots between relative abundances of oxalic acid (C2/total diacids) and its precursors compounds (a) malonic (C3), (b) succinic (C4), (c) glutaric (C5) (d) adipic (C6), (e) pimelic (C7) and (f) azelaic (C9) acids in night-time during 27 March–1 April and 11–13 April, 2007.

Fig. 10.

Diurnal variations in the concentration ratios of (a) oxalic/malonic (C2/C3), (b) oxalic/succinic (C2/C4), (c) oxalic/glyoxal (C2/Gly), (d) malonic/succinic (C3/C4), (e) oxalic/methylglyoxal (C2/MeGly), (f) oxalic/pyruvic (C2/Pyr) and (g) oxalic/ glyoxylic (C2/ωC2) in the ambient aerosols collected at Cape Hedo, Okinawa.

Table 2.

Results of principal component analysis (varimax rotaion with Kaiser Normalization) on concentration of the selected diacids and related compounds and major ions in the aerosols collected in Cape Hedo, Okinawa in spring, 2007.

 DaytimeNight-time24 hPC1PC2PC3PC4PC1PC2PC3PC1PC2PC3SpeciesSecondary formationMarineIndustry and animal excretaVehicular emissionSecondary formationMarine, dust and biomassIndustry and animal excretaSecondary formationDustMarineC20.90−0.030.310.250.770.130.600.490.63−0.41C30.90−0.100.100.130.82−0.140.510.590.58−0.34C40.89−0.130.070.220.85−0.020.490.80.49−0.16C60.890.090.020.260.870.300.320.820.420.12C70.850.35−0.310.090.930.19−0.110.630.620.01C90.00−0.34−0.10−0.750.98−0.120.000.620.02−0.22Ph0.790.26−0.220.280.870.360.090.850.390.22tPh0.060.390.090.700.570.500.360.820.49−0.01ωC20.86−0.050.50−0.050.750.280.590.840.48−0.09Pyr0.880.110.23−0.150.770.060.590.640.49−0.21Bez−0.200.780.36−0.23−0.06−0.82−0.240.720.14−0.43Gly0.910.090.17−0.070.770.400.430.920.250.16MeGly0.870.07−0.32−0.250.870.310.120.590.70−0.08Na+0.100.90−0.280.180.080.97−0.060.020.040.98NH4+−0.07−0.360.920.090.06−0.320.930.750.24−0.37MSA−0.49−0.25−0.180.690.94−0.010.090.440.69−0.20NO3−0.380.63−0.26−0.020.780.44−0.120.470.730.16nss-SO42−0.22−0.130.96−0.070.140.220.920.530.55−0.45ss-SO42−0.100.94−0.200.140.080.97−0.060.020.040.98nss-K+0.47−0.510.680.240.330.900.070.520.24−0.61nss-Ca2+0.180.84−0.160.330.360.820.140.020.900.14Cl−−0.110.88−0.290.36−0.080.85−0.45−0.05−0.030.97% of variance4028115.557231059186.0
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/16000889.2017.1369341 | Journal eISSN: 1600-0889
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Language: English
Page range: 1369341 - 1369341
Submitted on: Feb 7, 2017
Accepted on: Aug 11, 2017
Published on: Jan 1, 2017
Published by: Stockholm University Press
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Keywords:
East Asian aerosols,
aerosol ageing,
night-time chemistry,
long-range atmospheric transport

© 2017 Bhagawati Kunwar, K. Torii, Kimitaka Kawamura, published by Stockholm University Press
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.

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